Compair and Contrast Zombies vs. Teenagers Free Essays

Peril: Zombies and Teenagers are Ahead Mindless and blood craving bodies fill our avenues. Hauling themselves around without reason or dynamic contemplations. One would imagine that they should close the entryways and lock the windows. We will compose a custom paper test on Compair and Contrast: Zombies versus Adolescents or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Anyway its not simply rotting zombies that I discuss, its our teenagers. The greatest contrast is the plain reality that adolescents are alive and zombies are undead. While the two young people and zombies are totally unique looking outwardly, within they are fundamentally the same as. Both are risky when they meander in gatherings. They must choose between limited options of what their identity is, however I might want to tell you the best way to comprehend them two by contrasting them with one another. Indeed, even how to annihilate them. Threat is something young people are continually getting themselves into, and when zombies are around everything else is in peril also. Peril can be depicted as being placed in hurts way or compromising damage to other people. A young person is perilous to themselves and different adolescents. They are careless and don’t think before they act. Being foolish is a difficult issue for young people since they think they are strong. Thinking nothing terrible will transpire. Anyway in view of this manner of thinking, youngsters are the ones who get hurt, or in a tough situation all the more frequently then some other age gathering. The explanation behind this is on the grounds that the individuals who watch out for them aren’t around at the occasions when adolescents are settling on the significant choices, that hold climate they get positive or negative results. As a kid a grown-up is all ways there to hold their hand and watch their back. As a more established grown-up after the school years, ones life has quieted down and the acknowledgment of mortality soaks in along these lines they are increasingly cautious about what they do with there bodies and brains. Youthful grown-ups and adolescents are new to a world brimming with ponders, they do much testing, to become familiar with the circumstances and logical results of the activities and choices they make. For instance an adolescent is going to drive a vehicle with numerous different teenagers in the vehicle. One youngster turns the radio up and everybody is moving in there seats, shouting and snickering. The driver is being placed in a risky circumstance. With all the interruptions, he could harm the vehicle and everybody in it. The facts demonstrate that occasionally the driver is fine and nothing awful occurs except for the circumstance is as yet risky due to the chance of an unsafe closure. Placing others in peril is something that zombies do too. Clearly zombies are hazardous to others. They assault with no notice. They spread infections, and don’t even have the manner of thinking to think about who they are harming. Anyway what isn't as evident is that they are a threat to themselves. A zombie will walk directly into potential harm without acknowledging they may bite the dust. The explanation they don’t understand this is on the grounds that their is just a single thing at the forefront of their thoughts and that is BRAINS! A zombie will walk directly toward an insane redneck with a fired firearm and wont even recoil at a notice shot. A zombie with keep attempting to eat a canine much after somebody has slashed an arm or leg off of it. At the point when a zombie needs something they will successfully get it, and this places themselves in a mess of peril. Like a zombie a youngster is risky to themselves as well as other people, fortunately this conduct of carelessness will change and they will develop as they get more established. A zombie then again will never be restored and in all probability they won't live long on the off chance that they keep their carelessness up. Ever wonder why teenagers and zombies are never without anyone else? This is on the grounds that they need to ensure themselves. Adolescents like to move in packs and the greater the pack the better. They go out to see the films in a gathering of three and they meet another gathering in line for popcorn and they have developed in size. Teenagers appear at the shopping center since they realize that somebody they realize will be their. On the off chance that a high schooler is some place open alone they could be mixed up as a failure, and that would be horrendous for their notoriety. Hence they generally have at any rate four to five amigos with them. Much the same as adolescents zombies should be with different zombies, anyway its not for the organization. Zombies like to go in packs wherever supposing that they dwarf individuals, at that point they are bound to be fruitful at their drive assault. They are viewed as substantially more hazardous when in bunches bigger then three. If one somehow happened to recognize a zombie alone they would feel predominant and have no issue bringing them down. Along these lines zombies travel in bunches no less then one hundred-sixty-six other cerebrum eating peers. Climate somebody is a young person or a zombie they truly don’t have a decision on turning out to be what they are. Young people become youngsters through the lifecycle. Everybody wishes they could avoid the hormonal, enthusiastic, and cumbersome stage in their life, yet they cant. Its piece of being human. The explanation teenagers are distinctive then other age bunches is the insane thing that happen to their bodies. Which I wont go into on the grounds that this isn't a, â€Å"What is Happening To My Body† flyer. Everybody experiences being a youngster, yet not every person will be a zombie. Anyway once somebody is chomped they must choose between limited options to turning into a zombie. Its an ailment that movements through a fierce contact. The main thing one can do to stop it is to not be bit, by retaliating. On the off chance that you need to realize how to demolish a zombie or even a young person it is all fundamentally the same as. Go for the mind. A young people mind is the thing that props them up throughout everyday life on the off chance that you cause them to feel awful, at that point they will be hopeless. If one somehow managed to humiliate them or pulverize their notoriety then they will always be unable to live it down and until their withering day they will have always remembered about the day their life was obliterated. Brutal? Be that as it may so is slamming a zombies scull. It is their psyche that would need to take harm to be pulverized. This is additionally a similar way zombies are executed. Demolish the mind. Despite the fact that zombies don’t think carefully, their body is as yet subject to it to be undead. the mind must be crushed or shot or here and there mangled to ensure the zombie doesn’t return. Separating the body from the head isn't sufficient. The body will even now meander around and the head will in any case attempt to nibble. The mechanics of this natural marvel are not totally comprehended by researcher yet. Anyway interestingly, in the event that you murder the cerebrum, at that point you execute the zombie. The brain is an incredible organ for zombies and adolescents, and on the off chance that you can take it out, at that point you will prevail with regards to obliterating youngsters and zombies. While young people and zombies are on various degrees of status, they are shockingly like each other from multiple points of view. Being risky and inept are things that are not extremely positive to their characteristics. Anyway they can dwarf some other gathering. What they should experience is troublesome on them two too. A youngster experiences body changes and is exceptionally touchy and can be brought down effectively through harmful words. A zombie experiences an illness where they body rots and each one is attempting to slaughter them. It appears as though they are on a similar vessel. I wouldn’t need to meet it is possible that one out of a dim rear entryway. The most effective method to refer to Compair and Contrast: Zombies versus Youngsters, Papers

Schlafly’s Opinion on School to Work Programs Free Essays

On September 4, 1997, Phyllis Schlafly composed an article titled â€Å"School-to-Work Will Train, Not Educate. † The article talks about the cons of the school-to-work program and that expresses that it is depicted as a â€Å"cradle to the grave. † The article says that the school-to-work program will prepare and not teach. We will compose a custom paper test on Schlafly’s Opinion on School to Work Programs or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Schlafly is the leader of the Eagle Forum, an association that represents the central right of guardians to control the training of their own kids, believes that â€Å"school-to-work is an immediate danger to the individual understudy, their security, their objectives and their procurement of instruction that can assist him with contacting them. Schlafly†s conclusion wrong and won't spend in today†s society. In Schlafly†s analysis, she expresses that the school-to-work program â€Å"deemphasizes or disposes of scholastic work and substitutes commanded professional preparing to more readily serve the workforce. † She additionally says that â€Å"instead of the emphasis being on building up the youngster, the attention is on building up a work power. † Schlafly feels that school-to-work is preparing rather then training. As opposed to Schlafly, Olson says that school-to-work give understudies â€Å"motivation† which will help understudies since understudies in today†s society are not propelled enough. Studies demonstrate that understudies portray training as â€Å"boring. † Schlafly accepts that the STW law expressing that professional preparing begins â€Å"at the most punctual conceivable age†¦ † isn't right. The explanation is that she accepts that rudimentary or center younger students don't have the foggiest idea what vocation they need to satisfy. The last point in Schlafly†s article is she expresses that â€Å"big organizations bolster school-to-work since they imagine that professional courses in secondary school for uneducated or semi-unskilled understudies will prepare youthful Americans to contend in the worldwide economy with individuals in the third world ready to work for 25 and 50 pennies 60 minutes. She is essentially saying that large organizations are supporting school-to-work since they need some modest work. In end to her article, Schlafly says that â€Å"all the individuals who esteem opportunity must annihilation and defund school-to-work. † She feels that school-to-work is abusing the understudies from their opportunity to learn and get decent training. Schlafly†s article says that Marc Tucker†s plan for school-to-work is to â€Å"train youngsters in explicit occupations to serve the workforce and the worldwide economy rather than instruct them so they can settle on their own life decisions. She additionally says that it is planned on the â€Å"German framework. † Where did she get the possibility that school-to-work depends on the â€Å"German framework? † She doesn't have a clue what she is discussing and the data she is spreading is invalid. She additionally expresses that the program is to â€Å"train† kids yet she likewise doesn't give the alternative of preparing and instructing together. Olson shows how preparing and instruction goes together by indicating kids why they need to learn and by making a longing to learn. Schlafly is completely off-base about â€Å"training kids. † Starting school-to-work at the most punctual age potential doesn't imply that basic and center school understudies will pick their lifetime vocation. Giving the youngsters professional preparing will give them a choice in what they need to do later on. Kids will check whether they like the field of preparing and consider and choose whether or not they need to seek after that work later on. In contrast with what Olson says, â€Å"school-to-work exercises can give decisions and chances to youngsters, a large number of whom are not presently very much served y our instruction framework. Schlafly says that â€Å"big organizations bolster school-to-work† on the grounds that it will furnish them with modest work. Where did Schlafly get this data? All through the entire article there is no confirmation of legitimizing this thought. She likewise specifies that governors bolster the program in light of the fact that â€Å"it gives them control of a pot of cash for which they don†t need to record to the state lawmaking body. † This announcement additionally needs proof and can't be utilized to demonstrate that the program is a disappointment. School-to-work isn't for organizations or governors, yet rather for the kids themselves and their objectives for their future. Like Olson says, â€Å"school-to-work can urge youngsters to seek after instruction and preparing past secondary school. † Is Schlafly analysis substantial by any means? In no way, shape or form, she puts together her data with respect to nothing, for example, the â€Å"German framework. † Schlafly demonstrated that school-to-work is preparing for a lifetime profession however this contention isn't right since preparing can likewise be good with instruction. Enormous organizations and governors may bolster school-to-work for modest work and for the cash yet there is no evidence and regardless of whether there was any verification not all organizations and governors would feel that way. Until Schlafly gives some confirmation to her data and can demonstrate that preparation and instruction are not perfect, she isn't to be paid attention to. School-to-work is an awesome thought and to concurrence with Olson, â€Å"done right school-to-work can be an integral asset in the push to accomplish higher scholarly guidelines and an increasingly taught populace. The most effective method to refer to Schlafly’s Opinion on School to Work Programs, Papers

Essay about Bosnia

Article about Bosnia Article about Bosnia Article about Bosnia: Topic Ideas On the off chance that you need exposition about Bosnia, you will discover this article helpful. We are online day in and day out to assist you with composing any exposition on any point and inside any cutoff time. In the event that you are searching for help with composing school article on the web or need proficient custom composing administration, don't spare a moment to submit a request at our webpage and get your paper composed by proficient and experienced exposition scholars! Here are a few hints you may discover helpful for composing your paper about Bosnia. Acquaintance is the spot with present your theme, detail the motivation behind composition, and express the extent of research Conversation area of your article about Bosnia may incorporate the authentic underlying foundations of ill will of the Bosnian individuals. Break down source of emergency in Bosnia and Herzegovina. You can depict breaking down of Socialist Federal Republic Yugoslavia. You may appear in your exposition about Bosnia the principal phase of peacemaking (August, 1991 - 1993): Z. Kutilero's arrangement. S. Vznsa's arrangement, D. Ouena's arrangement, and so on. Give the reasons of disappointment of the principal phase of harmony making starts. Consider the second phase of harmony making process - the alleged arrangement of Contact gathering. Consider the Dayton harmony understanding: meaningful arrangements, understanding estimation, and so forth. Composing article about Bosnia, audit a job of the USA and NATO over the span of contention settlement. You may require a manual for exposition composing:. Paper about Bosnia: Sources of Data The sources which can be utilized in your paper about Bosnia can be named follows: - Official records of the worldwide associations, for example, the United Nations Organization, the International Tribunal over the previous Yugoslavia; - Diplomatic records, the inner political declarations including the departmental documentation, parliamentary reports, correspondence of authorities; - Materials of measurable and helper character; Paper about Bosnia: Custom Writing In the event that you have neither time nor want to compose paper about Bosnia, you have a chance to exploit our custom school article help. Our paper journalists are encountered; our costs are reasonable; and our administrations are 100% genuine. We give impossible to miss consideration to the littlest subtleties of your guidance and twofold check exposition about Bosnia for copyright infringement. At the point when you purchase paper about Bosnia composing administration at our site, you can make certain to get a specially composed exposition which meets all guidance focuses, is initially and appropriately referenced! You may likewise peruse extraordinary article on the best way to compose most loved season expositions and audit scholarly tips on influential paper composing. Fascinating posts: Custom Beowulf Essay Sythesis Essay Self-portraying Essays Blend Writing Steps Step by step instructions to Write a Book Report

Summer Internship Report on Mutual Fund Performance...

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT On Mutual Fund: Performance evolution Marketing Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the two year Post Graduate Programme (PGP). Submitted by BIBHUTI JHA Roll No: PGS20090080 Batch: 2009-2011 IILM Institute for Higher Education Under The guidance of Mr. Sunil Sharma Branch Manager Aditya Birla Money Mart Ltd, Faridabad TABLE OF CONTENTS S. NO | PARTICULARS | PAGE NO | 1 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 3 | 2 | DECLARATION | 4 | 3 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 5 | 4 | OBJECTIVES | 7 | 5 | SCOPE OF THE STUDY | 8 | 6 | METHODOLOGY | 8 | 7 | INTRODUCTION | 9 | 8 | RETORN FROM MUTUAL FUND | 11 | 9 |†¦show more content†¦To get a more detailed understanding of a particular function of the company, I studied the need, uses and benefits of SIP with respect to the wealth management, equity, sales and distribution. Different statistical tools were used on the data obtained to get the average returns, absolute returns, standard deviation, Fund Beta, R-squared value, residual value, Relative Performance Index were calculated. These variables of the funds were compared with the same variables of the market to assess how the different funds have performed against the market. A Statistical test, Mann Whitney U-Test, was done on the returns of the fund with respect to the Sensex returns. Another U-Test was done taking absolute return as the variable. These U- Test were done to test the hypothesis which was that the fund returns over the period of time are similar to the market returns over the period of time. All the funds were classified into a hierarchical cluster on the basis of their average returns, absolute returns, standard deviation, fund beta, and relative performance index. This classification was to see whether the funds have similar properties or not. The mutual fund industry started in India in a small way with the UTI Act creating what was effectively a small savings division within the RBI. Over a period of 25 years this grew fairly successfully and gave investors a good return, and therefore inShow MoreRelatedSummer Internship Project11120 Words   |  45 PagesA PROJECT REPORT On â€Å"ANALYSIS OF ONLINE PRODUCTS OF RELIGARE AND STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING BUYING BEHAVIOR OF THESE PRODUCTS† Submitted in the partial fulfillment of â€Å"POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT† From INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES GHAZIABAD [pic] Date of submission- 22/07/10 COMPANY GUIDE FACULTY GUIDE Read MoreReport on Human Resource Management on Nestle Kabirwala Ltd.12369 Words   |  50 PagesNestlà © products bring consumers the vital ingredients of taste and pleasure. Vision statement Nestlà © aim is to meet the various needs of the consumer every day by marketing and selling food of a consistently high quality. The confidences that consumers have in our brands is a result of our company’s many years of knowledge in marketing, research and development, as well as continuity – consumers relate to this and feel they can trust our products. MAIN PRODUCTS Good Food, Good Life: the key to healthRead MoreProject Report on Dabur Company7854 Words   |  32 PagesSUMMER PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL MODELING OF DABUR Under the guidance of Mr.DheerajVaidya, Director Corporate Bridge Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. In partial fulfilment of the requirements For the award of MASTER IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES(MMS) (Affiliated to university of Mumbai) VIVEKANAND EDUCATION SOCIETY’S INSTITUTE OF STUDIES AND RESEARCH CHEMBUR, MUMBAI Submitted by Sumit B. Agrawal ROLL NO: 01 MMS 2012-2014 Declaration By Candidate I wish to state that the work embodiedRead MoreSip Report on Real Estate Company10410 Words   |  42 PagesA REPORT ON â€Å"A CRITICAL STUDY ON MARKETING strategies Of EARTH INFRASTRUCTURES LTD† By UPENDRA SINGH YADAV (Enrollment No: PG11115) Name of the Organization: EARTH INFRASTRUCTURES LTD. A report submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements of PGPM Program of IMS NOIDA Distribution List: 1) DR. VANDANA MATHUR (FACULTY GUIDE) 2) MR. ANKUR GOEL (COMPANY GUIDE) (VICE PRESIDENT) Date of Submission: 13th AUG, 2012 AUTHORIZATION Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Read Morecultural differences between India and Canada14894 Words   |  60 Pagesï » ¿SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT on â€Å"A STUDY OF EQUITY DERIVATIVE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THEM† Submitted to SMC Global Securities Limited SMC GLOBAL SECURITIES LIMITED Introduction SMC Group is one of the leading financial services and investment providers. 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Executives need assistance from the human resource department in matters of recruitment, performance evaluation, compensation, and discipline. c. Legislation and litigation The enactment of state laws has contributed enormously to the proliferation and importance of human resource functions. The record keeping and reporting requirements of the

The Burka and the Bikini- a Rhetorical Analysis Free Essay Example, 750 words

of the of the Concerned 21 November The Burka and the Bikini- a Rhetorical Analysis The article The Burka and the Bikini by Brumberg and Jackson comes down heavily on any attempt to commoditize or regiment the female looks and physique, in a systematic and rational way. It goes without saying that the readers that Brumberg and Jackson tend to target are the open minded and rational individuals and groups, who do not mind any well intentioned and forward looking objection to their perceptions and way of thinking. The crux of the argument in this article is to deplore the commoditization or regimentation of women by both the radical and the forward looking societies. At the very start of their rational, Brumberg and Jackson address the emotive conscience of the target audience by linking the commoditization of the female physique in the Western societies to the war for the women’s rights in Afghanistan (194). This ploy is indeed a suitable and appropriate tactics on the part of Brumberg and Jackson in the sense that they well understand the emotive appeal that the war in Afghanistan has for the so called open minded Western readers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Burka and the Bikini- a Rhetorical Analysis or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Perhaps, the intention of Brumberg and Jackson seems to tap into the collective emotional pool of the target audience by establishing a rational correlation between the regimentation of the female attire by the Taliban and the commoditization of the female physique in the Western societies. This strategy allows them to solicit an unhampered attention from the target audience. Yet, the ingenuity of Brumberg and Jackson lies in their ability to first solicit the reader’s attention and then to shatter their cherished notions of female dignity and freedom, by referring to the almost nude portrayal of women in the American television commercials and programs (194). The net impact of this strategy is that it leaves the reader’s with an unguarded attention, so necessary to bring home the point that challenges their notions of normal and regular, so far as the female physique is concerned. Any other approach towards linking the Talibanization of the female attire with the gross commercialization of the female physique in the West perhaps would have fallen flat on its face. Brumberg and Jackson, proceed from these point onwards to elaborate on the changing attitudes towards the female physique across generations be mentioning that â€Å"In Victorian America, good works were a measure of female character, while today good looks reign supreme (194). † This self evident veracity of this appeal allows the writers to establish the connection between commoditization of the female physique in the West to the fast deteriorating emotional and physical health of the women in these societies. Brumberg and Jackson further bolster their point by bringing in a credible body of opinion like The American Medical Association. So the approach of Brumberg and Jackson is twin pronged, first to solicit the reader’s attention by using emotions to bring down any resistance they may have evinced, and then to cite the historical and medical facts to cement the response they intend to glean from the reader’s. Once the writers succeed in doing so, they do afford to expand on their approach by referring to the extremes of regimentation that the women have to bear with in Afghanistan and the subtle and subconscious approach of the Western societies that makes women spend billions on cosmetic surgery and diets (Brumberg & Jackson p. 195). It goes without saying that from this point onwards, it becomes relatively easier for the target audience to understand that coercion is not the only possible way of controlling female looks and physique, as it is done in Afghanistan. It is also possible to put restraints on women’s body in a subtle and indirect way, as it happens in the West. There is no denying the fact that beyond this, the writers must have certainly succeeded in grabbing the support and attention of any rational and open minded reader. Certainly the writers are astute enough to understand the impact their tactics had on the target audience by now. So once again they try to strengthen and reinforce this impact by commenting on the pragmatic and humane urgency of doing away with the set notions in the American culture, that drastically impact the overall health of the American women (195). In conclusion, the writers do convey to the readers that the quintessential validity of their appeal is not moral, but rather dedicated to the emotional and mental health of the contemporary women (195). To put it simply, the line of argument undertaken by the writers in this article is emotionally balanced and rationally convincing, effectively customized to address the readers they plan to target.

Elements of Good Feasibility - 998 Words

The Elements of a Good Feasibility Study Tim Bryce | Mar 20, 2008 | Comments (5) Those who do not do their homework do not graduate. - Bryce s Law In its simplest form, a Feasibility Study represents a definition of a problem or opportunity to be studied, an analysis of the current mode of operation, a definition of requirements, an evaluation of alternatives, and an agreed upon course of action. As such, the activities for preparing a Feasibility Study are generic in nature and can be applied to any type of project, be it for systems and software development, making an acquisition, or any other project. There are basically six parts to any effective Feasibility Study: 1. The PROJECT SCOPE which is used to define the†¦show more content†¦After the total cost of the project has been calculated, a cost and evaluation summary is prepared which includes such things as a cost/benefit analysis, return on investment, etc. 6. REVIEW - all of the preceding elements are then assembled into a Feasibility Study and a formal review is conducted with all parties involved. The review serves two purposes: to substantiate the thoroughness and accuracy of the Feasibility Study, and to make a project decision; either approve it, reject it, or ask that it be revised before making a final decision. If approved, it is very important that all parties sign the document which expresses their acceptance and commitment to it; it may be a seemingly small gesture, but signatures carry a lot of weight later on as the project progresses. If the Feasibility Study is rejected, the reasons for its rejection should be explained and attached to the document. CONCLUSION It should be remembered that a Feasibility Study is more of a way of thinking as opposed to a bureaucratic process. For example, what I have just described is essentially the same process we all follow when purchasing an automobile or a home. As the scope of the project grows, it becomes more important to document the Feasibility Study particularly if large amounts of money are involved and/or the criticality of delivery. Not only should the Feasibility Study contain sufficient detail to carry on to the next succeeding phase in theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Construction Projects?1476 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology of modern buildings construction, uncertainty created by the inevitable time for a construction project life cycle and uniqueness of each project. The development process of a project mainly includes eight stages which are ‘inception’, ‘feasibility’, ‘strategy’, ‘pre-construction’, ‘construction’, ‘testing and commissioning’, ‘completion, handover and operation’ as well as ‘post-completion review and in use’. The very first stage of all is ‘inception’ which may take up to 4 months (NationalRead MoreSap Atlam674 Words   |  3 PagesCompanies. It was then understood, the IT bases were obsolete compare with its rivals and they were requested to advance their accounting system to PETRA bunch of wide SAP system. SAP was an incorporated business application bundle that secured most elements of an association like Financial Accounting, Controlling, Asset Management, Sales amp; Distribution, Material Management, Human Resource and many more. Implementing SAP for ATLAM was not simple as they were already depended on a modified singleRead MoreFeasibility Of The Economic Feasibility1091 Words   |  5 Pages Economic Feasibility After reviewing the economic feasibility of in power snacks. When determining the project cost and the revenue projections, there are many aspects to consider. When elevating the startup cost without paying any type of the utilities or for rent. The start-up cost will be closely around $5700. This will contain a small amount of reserves with equipment, material supplies beginning inventory, operating cost, business license, advertisement and miscellaneous expense. This isRead MoreTechnical Assessment : What Technology Does This Business? Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly following start-up, when little or no revenue will come in? If your idea passes the screening process you can proceed to the pre-feasibility study which will help you determine the idea is worth a more detailed investigation or whether the success factors are present, e.g. raw materials are sufficient all year round. III. The Pre-Feasibility Study The size of investment required for a project determines to some extent the amount of time and effort needed to complete the project. A largeRead MoreHealthcare Informatics : The Satellite Clinic989 Words   |  4 PagesEHR systems in a meaningful way is likely to have a net cost over the several years, especially for those who do not yet have robust EHR systems in place and in regular use† (Kudyba S. P. ‘2010’). The same author said: â€Å"By quality we mean the six elements described by the IOM in its ‘Quality Chasm’ report: care that is consistently patient centered, effective, safe, timely, efficient, and equitable.† Essentials of Health Policy and Law The new satellite clinic would accept most insurance plans thatRead MoreGuidelines for Feasibility Report1454 Words   |  6 PagesGuide lines to make Feasibility report Feasibility Study This Feasibility Study Template will help you to conduct feasibility studies in your organization. It takes you through the process of completing a Feasibility Study by defining the business problem / opportunity, the alternative solutions available and the recommended solution for implementation. You can use this Feasibility Study sample to assess the feasibility of any type of solution, within any type of business environment. Read MoreThe Uses and Development of a System1659 Words   |  7 PagesAnswer 1 A system can be broadly explain as an integrated set of elements that accomplish a specific objective. Or from a different view A set of elements, methods which is explained in detail, procedures a specific path to carry out specific activity’s, to perform a duty or may solve a problem. People from different engineering disciplines have different ideas of what a system is. For example, software engineers usually refer to an integrated set of computer programs as a system. ElectricalRead MoreCritical Thinking : Scrutinizing Your Initial Draft Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Thinking: Scrutinizing Your Initial Draft With the knowledge of what is expected, and many of the big questions already answered, your summary business plan is probably well organized. The purpose of a feasibility study is to add more detail to your plan by doing targeted research to think strategically about the estimates, and discoveries you made in your summary business plan. Once you go through the basic method I present here, you can modify it to fit your methodology accordinglyRead MoreIndividual: Service Request Sr-Rm-022, Part 11192 Words   |  5 Pageseven the top investors of the company its self. Anyone interested in the production and the improvement of the new integrated application system. The Project Scope The Project definition is identifying the problem. The project scope and the feasibility study are both part of the analysis stage of the system development life-cycle. As the saying goes the problem well stated is half solved. Tim Bryce wisely said: It is also necessary to define the parts of the business affected either directlyRead MoreWhat Is Feasibility Analysis1559 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is Feasibility Analysis? †¢Feasibility Analysis –The process of determining whether a business idea is viable. –It is the preliminary evaluation of a business idea, conducted for the purpose of determining whether the idea is worth pursuing. –Feasibility analysis takes the guesswork (to a certain degree) out of a business launch, and provides an entrepreneur with a more secure notion that a business idea is feasible or viable. When To Conduct a Feasibility Analysis †¢Timing of Feasibility

Managing Research Efficient Developing

Question: Discuss about the Managing Research for Efficient Developing. Answer: Introduction Imparting trainings to employees has now become an integral part of the business process of every organization. In the present business environment where competition is very high, it is imperative that the employees are able to perform to their highest capacity in an effective manner. In order to expand and increase employee efficiencies, organizations are actively training them in order to built core competencies. The training procedure inside the organization helps in developing the skills of the employees as well as their capabilities (Arneson, Rothwell and Naughton 2013). The training process also helps in molding the thinking process of the employees working in the organization. Therefore, the intent of the organization is to increase their effectiveness and growth by enhancing the performance of their employees through effective training programs. This particular study revolves around the problems that are faced by Atlassian, an Australian software company in the forefront of training their employees. The problem that has been identified in the organization is that it lacks efficient trainers who will be responsible to impart training to its employees and help them to perform their jobs in a much efficient manner. This study is directed towards bringing out the effects of such lack of efficient trainers in the company. It will also discuss about the problems that are arising and drawing back the companys performance due to the identified problem. Along with it, the study also will discuss about the key issues that affect the production of the organization, because there is a lack of trainers are discussed as well in this particular research proposal. This research will help in describing the circumstances that surrounds the research problem, which is related to the problem faced by the people in the organization, because there is an improper training facility that is being provided to the people. Background of the Research Problem Atlassian is a company that is efficient in developing software program for its customer (Atlassian. 2016). As one of the biggest companies providing effective software solutions to its clients, it has to employ a huge workforce. Considerable amounts of employees are engaged in research and development. A detailed analysis of customer demand is undertaken and products are developed by using the technological developments in the required area. The entire workforce is divided according to the different business functions of the organization. The organization has different departments such as software, IT, Marketing, Finance, Operations, HR etc. All these departments require people with different qualification and capabilities. As various types of expertise is involves, their periodic training and development is also necessary in order to keep pace with the changes in the business environment. However, recently it has been noticed that the company is lacking its capacity to provide effe ctive training to its employees. As a result, the entire business process is being hampered along with its productivity (Yenireddy 2013). Proper training could not be provided to the employees working in the organization because the organization lacks eligible trainers at the present moment. The organizational objectives of increasing revenue and productivity are not being accomplished due to the ineffectiveness of its workforce. It has been seen that the companys software and IT department is sometimes unable to provide effective sokutions to customer problems. After sales services have been hampered in a significant manner. On the other hand, research and development has not augmented much as desired by the management of the company. The overall organizational effectiveness and existence have stated to erode due to this acute problem of the work force. It has also been noticed that old and experienced employees are sometimes not able to cope up and implement the latest technological developments in the field of software and IT. Here is where the necessity of training is felt the most. This study is directed towards, finding out the problems that arise due to unavailability of effective training sessions by efficient trainers. The study will also try to bring out the wa ys in which the company will be able to overcome these drawbacks and will be able to develop reasonable solutions. Thus, helping the company to recover from this present state is also an important objective of this research work. In essence, the management of the company needs to decide upon the following important points and questions: What are the present requirements of the employees? What are the present technological changes that affect the organizations research and development process? What are the factors that are hindering effective after sales services of the organization? The nature and extent of the trainings that is required to be held by the organization. What are the expertises that the company will be looking for in the training staff? To what proportion will training programs will increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees? What are the nature and type of costs that will be involved in providing the required trainings to its employees? To what extent can the company expend on training programs? How such training programs will affect the organizations revenue generation and profits? The above mentioned elements are very important and the company has to take a proper decision in this regard. Problem Definition This research intends to address the particular type of problem identified in the organization. The company is well established and has its own procedures to implement new strategies and policies in a precise manner. This study will try to find out the manner in which such implementation of policies and strategies are done within the organization. Research will also be done to critically evaluate such procedures and try to bring out the changes that are required in the business process. This may involve an entire business re-engineering of the training and development activities of the company. The researcher should try to question the management with the help of a survey questionnaire the problems they are facing due to the lack of proper training and development program and due to the lack of eligible trainer that is there in the organization (Sung and Choi 2014). The research would also take into account the experience of the employees working in the organization with the help of the face-to-face interview and survey questionnaire. The information that will be gathered from the employees will help in finding out the problems the employees are facing because of the lack of an eligible trainer in the organization. The research question that is being raised by the particular research includes the following: What are the factors that the company needs to consider within the organization with respect to its present training and development cell? What are the drawbacks in the present training programs and schedules? What are the qualities that are required to be evaluated in a trainer? Where can prospective trainers are found? What are the nature and extent of the requirements of the employees? How the implementation of the management decision would take place in the organization? To what extent the strategy of implementing effective and highly qualified trainer is effective for the growth and the development of the organization? How new trainers and training programs will enhance productivity and efficiency of the organization? The research proposal put forwards certain objectives that are being identified in the particular research: Enabling the employees to accomplish tem as well as their job roles in the organization, the old or the existing employees working in the organization it includes enabling the employees to enhance the capabilities of the new employees working in the organization. The next research objective deals with the productivity of the organization. It is the objective of the research to find out whether the newly hired qualified trainer will help in enhancing the productivity of the organization or not. To find out effective training processes that will enable its employees to perform better and increase their efficiency. The research objective deals with the improvement of the performance of the employee, which include: The new employees who are being hire by the organization and The old or the existing employees of the organization The objective of the particular research will ensure that the implementation of the new and the qualified trainers in the organization, would actually help in increasing not only the productivity of the organization but it will help in increasing the profitability of the organization at the same time. Literature Review The present literature review does not deal only with the problem of Atlassian, and the problem that it faces because of the lack of eligible trainers that are there in the organization. The present literature review is about the need of training and development program in the organization (Sung and Choi 2014). The research also tries to find out how the training and the development program has actually helped the organization to increase their profitability at the same time. The literature review not only deals with the gap that is there because there is a lack of training procedure in the organization. The literature review deals with the overall training process and this overall training process could actually help in improving the performance of the organization. The Need to Provide Training to People Working in the Organization Training plays a very important part in enhancing the performance of both the organization and employees who are working in the organization. The training and the development program could be helpful for the people working in the organization based on the four grounds. The four grounds are the following grounds: The employees, who are new to the organization, are being provided with a specific training. The aim of providing the specific training to the new employees help the organization to make the employees understand about the protocol of the company and at the same time it helps the new employees to know about both the mission and the vision of the company. The training and the development programs are designed for the existing employees as well. The training and the development programs help the existing employees to improve their capabilities as well as the skills. The organization could implement many changes within its structure and within the way; the work is being carried out. The training and the development program actually helps the employee to cope up with the changes within the organization and then carry out their work at the same time. Training is important for the promotion and the growth of the employees and thus if proper training is being provided to the employees then it will become easy for the employees to carry out their work and at the same time it motivates the employees to share responsibilities with other employees as well. The Different and the Varied Methods of Training The On Job Training Method The on-job training method or a way is a particular way through which training is being provided to the employees working in a particular organization. The particular training method or way could be helpful in more than one way. Firstly, the particular training method provides trainings to the employees who are both in proficient and at the same time semi-proficient. Another most important part of this particular training procedure is that this particular training procedure is a cost effective training procedure (Salas, Tannenbaum, Kraiger and Smith-Jentsch 2012). Therefore, most of the organization could actually avail this training procedure. In this particular procedure, the employees are placed in a particular scenario and within that scenario; they are being provided the training by the organization. In this particular procedure of learning, the process of learning takes place through the method of doing or carrying out certain activities. The things like job rotation, promotion and even coaching could be seen as those instances that will help in providing the training to the employees working in and for the organization. The Off Training Method The off job training method is being aim to provide training to those employees who are new to the organization and thus, proper training procedure are needed to transfer knowledge. The particular types of trainings are good for those employees who are not only new but also at the same time, to those who need the trainings within a very short period (Ford 2014). The particular type of training program actually, helps in fulfilling this particular purpose but then the particular procedure is very costly for the people working in the organization. The employees in the off job training are not trained in the actual working condition area but rather they are trained in a duplicate area, and the duplicate is the duplicate of the actual working condition. Moreover, the employees are trained separately in this particular training procedure, thus the training procedure is also known as the vestibule procedure at the same time. The Benefits of the Training that is being provided The training and the development program is helpful to the organization in more than one way. The training and development program is beneficial for the organization because of the following reasons: Learning culture is important for both the growth as well as the development of the organization (Benton, Benton and Benton 2014). Therefore, it is important to implement the training and the development program within the organization because that will help in developing a learning culture within the organization. Thus, changes could be easily introduced in the organization because a learning culture within the organization welcomes the changes within the organization. Training ensures that there is minimal wastage of time within the organization, and this training could because if there were well-trained employees in the organization then the employee would actually require less supervision (Chopra 2012). Since, the well-trained employees receive less supervision therefore, the time is saved and that is utilized in production, which helps in increasing the profit earned by the organization. The training programs therefore, helps in increasing the productivity of the company and not only the productivity of the company is increased but at the same time the errors or the mistake, that used to occur in the organization would decrease at the same time (Council 2012). Since, the employees will be more trained therefore, the rate of committing mistakes will decrease thus it again would contribute to the productivity of the organization. Research Design Methodology Research Design The particular research would carry out the research process with the help of the descriptive research design. The descriptive research design helps the researchers because it provides the researchers with those results that are accurate (Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault 2015). Thus, the process of analyzing the things become simpler and at the same time the particular research method takes into account not only the qualitative data collection method but at the same time the quantitative data collection method at the same time. The Purpose of this particular Research and the Type of Investigation The research design can be of three types, which include the exploratory research design, the, descriptive research design and the causal research design (Merriam and Tisdell 2015). The exploratory research design requires full and the detailed information about the research problem and only then, that particular research design could be implemented in the process (Matthews and Ross 2014). Since, the particular research does not have distinct or detail information about the research problem therefore, implementing this research process would not be a sufficient thing in this case (Robson and McCartan 2016). The causal research design, on the other hand depends on the cause and the effect design of the variables (Noe and Tews 2012). The particular research is also termed as the hypothesis testing at the same time. The variables of the cause and the effect of the training procedure in the organization, is not something that is feasible, therefore, this particular method or design of research is also not implemented in this case. The descriptive research design is such a research design that is not experimental in nature but this; particular research design helps the researcher, because it provides the researcher with accurate data that helps in the data analysis process. The descriptive research design includes unique variables (Yin 2013). The descriptive design is different from the other kinds of research design because in this particular design method there is no need of the multiple variables for the data analysis process. The data analysis could be carried out with the help of the single variables at the same time. Time Horizon of the Particular Research The particular research will include the cross-sectional study of the management working in Atlassian. The cross section study is based on the observation of a group of people or the focus group on a particular subject but there will be a difference in the time at the same time. The particular research would observe and study the workers of the Atlassian and will try to find out the ways through which, the lack of an eligible trainer is effecting the growth and the development of the organization (Pickard 2012). Unit of Analysis of the Research The unit of analysis consists of the most important thing in a research, because the unit of analysis includes, those who are being studied in this particular research (Mackey and Gass 2015). The unit of analysis of this research includes the individuals, such as the people working in the management of the organization and is ready to implement the strategy of recruiting highly qualified trainers in the organization. It includes the employees as well, who are mostly affected by the particular training procedure. Research Methodology The Chosen Instrument for the Research The particular research is using the rating scale, such as the Likert scale, for conducting this particular research (Maxwell 2012). Apart from the Likert scale, the research also uses the interview schedule or the guides and along with it, the research uses the questionnaire as well, to carry out the interview and the surveys. Along with it, the tally sheets are used as well for conducting this particular research (Reigeluth 2013). Questionnaire Design of the particular Research The particular research, use the survey questionnaire to carry out the particular research. The research questionnaire, use the Likert scale as the rating scale that is being used to find out what both the management and the employees feel regarding the training that is being provided in the organization and regarding the absence of the eligible trainer in the organization (Kratochwill, and Levin 2015). In the Likert scale, the numbers stands for: 5= Truly Agree 4= Agree to Some Extent 3= Not Sure 2= Disagree to some Extent 1= Disagree to a Great Extend Data Collection Qualitative Data Collection Method The qualitative data collection method includes the interviewing of the employees as well as the management through the help of the series of questionnaires that are there The qualitative data analysis includes observing the focus groups that is the people working in the company and the management (Creswell 2012). The Quantitative Data Collection The quantitative data collection method includes surveying at least 50 employees working in the organization. The employees who will be included in the survey include both the new employees as well as the old employees working in the organization. Data Analysis Qualitative Analysis: The process of the documentation could be used in this particular research to analysis the data that has been collected (Snmez 2013). Quantitative Analysis: In case of the quantitative data the statistical method such as SPSS could be used to carry on with the analysis. Limitation of the Research There s certain limitation that has been recognized in this particular research and here are the following limitations: The particular research used only a limited number of people in the organization. The small population, which is being used in the organization, is not enough to have a clear view of the problem that is being faced by the people working there (Kelly, Lesh and Baek 2014). The research does not include the viewpoints of the trainers and thus the facts that they have to say in their defense are not mentioned in the research. Project Budget and Timeline Budget The particular research requires certain funds or budget because the books that are required for the literature review, needs money and could not be obtain at free of cost. The same thing is true even for the data collection and data analysis; certain money is required to carry out the whole process. Thus, a budget is required here as well. The Area Budget Required Literature Review (Books, Online and Academic Journal) $1000 Qualitative Analysis $500 Quantitative Analysis (Survey Questionnaire) $800 Data Analysis (Tools, such as the SPSS tool) $400 Time Task to be Carried Out The Starting Date The Finish Date Designing the questionnaire 13th July 2016 1st August 2016 Pretesting the Questionnaire 1st August 2016 25th August 2016 Printing of the questionnaire as well as the return of the envelope 26th August 2016 13th September 2016 Distributing the questionnaire among the employees and the management 14th September 2016 7th October 2016 Interviewing the employees and data analysis 8th October 2016 12th December 2016 Finishing the report 13th December 2016 7th January 2017 Conclusion The particular research would help in finding out whether Atlassian requires new and qualified trainer for their organization or not. The particular research would be helpful not only for the employees working in Atlassian but it would also be helpful for those organizations that are going through the same kind of situation. The particular research would actually helpful for the future researcher as well. References Arneson, J., Rothwell, W. and Naughton, J., 2013. Training and development competencies redefined to create competitive advantage.Training Development,67(1), pp.42-47. Atlassian. (2016).Software Development and Collaboration Tools | Atlassian. Benton, Benton, B. and Benton, (2014).Importance of Employee Training: 6 Reasons Why. Line//Shape//Space. Chopra, B. (2012).Importance of training and development in an organization. timesofindia-economictimes. Council, S.B., 2012. Training development. Creswell, J.W., 2012.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Kelly, A.E., Lesh, R.A. and Baek, J.Y., 2014.Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching. Routledge. Kratochwill, T.R. and Levin, J.R. eds., 2015.Single-Case Research Design and Analysis (Psychology Revivals): New Directions for Psychology and Education. Routledge. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Matthews, B. and Ross, L., 2014.Research methods. Pearson Higher Ed. Maxwell, J.A., 2012.Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage. Merriam, S.B. and Tisdell, E.J., 2015.Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley Sons. Noe, R.A. and Tews, M.J., 2012. Realigning training and development research to contribute to the psychology of competitive advantage.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(1), pp.101-104. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Reigeluth, C.M. ed., 2013.Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Robson, C. and McCartan, K., 2016.Real world research. Wiley. Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S.I., Kraiger, K. and Smith-Jentsch, K.A., 2012. The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice.Psychological science in the public interest,13(2), pp.74-101. Snmez, A., 2013. Research Methodology and Design. InMultinational Companies, Knowledge and Technology Transfer(pp. 63-112). Springer International Publishing. Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N., 2014. Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), pp.393-412. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Wilson, J.P., 2014. International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(2). Yenireddy, A., 2013.Human Resource Management-Training Development. Yin, R.K., 2013.Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.

Cannabis Hemp. . .Marijuana! Essays - Biofuels, Bioenergy, Herbs

Cannabis Hemp. . .Marijuana! Article copied work for work from April 1990 Issue of High Times Magazine pages 37-41 and page 57. "OUR CHALLENGE TO THE WORLD: TRY TO PROVE US WRONG-- If all fossil fuels and their derivatives (coal, oil, natural gas, synthetic fibers and petrochemicals) as well as the deforestation of trees for paper and agriculture (e.g., Brazilian & Indonesian rainforests), are banned from use in order to save the planet, preserve the ozone layer and reverse the greenhouse effect with its global warming trend: Then there is only one known renewable natural resource able to provide all(underlined) of the following goods and essentials such as paper and textiles; meet all of the world's transportation, home and industrial energy needs, and clean the atmosphere-- all at the same time--our old standby that did it all before: Cannabis Hemp. . .Marijuana! The industrial revolution moved hemp to a place of lesser importance in world commerce due to the lack of mechanized harvesting and breaking technology needed for mass production. But this natural resource was far too valuable to be relegated to the back burner of history forever. In 1916, a U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin predicted that once a docortication and harvesting machine was developed, cannabis would again become America's largest agricultural industry. Some 22 years later, Popular Mechanics introduced a new generation of investors to just such a device, (See the February 1989 issue of HIGH TIMES.) which brings us to this next bit of history: A PLAN TO SAVE OUR FOREST Some canniabis plant strains regularly reach treelike heights of 20 feet or more in one growing season. In 1916, the U.S. Department of Agriculture wrote in special bulletin No. 404 that one acre of cannabis hemp, in annual rotation over a 20-year period, would produce as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees over the same 20- year period being cut down; and this process would use only 1/5 to 1/7 as much sulfur-based acid chemicals to break down the glue-like lignin that binds with the fibers of the pulp. All this lignin must be broken down to make pulp paper. Hemp is only 4% lignin, while trees are 18-30% lignin. Thus hemp provides four times as much pulp with five to seven times less pollution (and yet, today is totally illegal, as it has been for the last half-century). This hemp pulp-paper potential depended on the invention and engineering of new machines for stripping the hemp by modern technology. This would also lower the cost of and demand for lumber for housing and at the same time help re-oxygenate the planet. As an example: If the new (1916) hemp pulp paper process were legal today, it would soon replace about 70% of all wood pulp paper, including computer printout paper, corrugated boxes and paper bags. Pulp paper made from rags or machined from 60% to 100% hemp hurds is stronger and more flexible than paper made from wood pulp and makes a less expensive, more ecological paper, and a better one. CONSERVATION & SOURCE REDUCTION Source reduction is a cost-cutting waste control method often called for by environmentalists: reduction of the source of pollution, usually from manufacturing with petrochemicals or their derivatives. In the supermarket when you are asked to choose paper or plastic for your bags, you are faced with an environmental dilemma; paper from trees that were cut, or plastic bags made from fossil fuel and chemicals. With a third choice--hemp hurd paper--available, one could choose a biodegradable, durable paper from an annually renuewable source, the hemp plant. The goal is to reduce the source of pollution. Whether the source of the pollution is CFC's (chloro-flourocarbons) from spray cans, computers and refrigeration, or tritium and plutonium produced for military uses, or the sulfuric acids used by papermakers, reducing the source of pollution is the goal. The environmental advantages of harvesting hemp annually--leaving the trees in the ground!--make papermaking from hemp hurds critical for source reduction, along with the use of hemp to replace fossil fuel as an energy source. ENERGY AND THE ECONOMY The book Solar Gas (1980), Science Digest, Omni Magazine, The Alliance for Survival, the "Green Party" of West Germany and others put the total figure of our energy costs at 80% of the total dollar expenses of living for each human being. In validation: 82% of the total value of all issues traded on the New York Stock Exchange, other world stock exchanges, ect., are tied directly to: *Energy supply companies (Exxon, Shell,

Design of a Hospital Bed Essays

Design of a Hospital Bed Essays Design of a Hospital Bed Essay Design of a Hospital Bed Essay The topic discussed showed the application of electronic, mechanical and programming knowledge to improve a hospital bed that allows it to be an automated lateral turning bed. The research was done due to the lack of funds and budget of Philippine Hospitals to provide patients with a turning bed that is very expensive for them. The paper showed several functions like turning the bed into a certain angle, making it automatic, that can be controlled using the control panel attached on the bed. I can say this is a brilliant way to help the patients allowing sufficient blood flow in the body. This can also be an excellent way to be able to provide a low cost quality bed design to help the patients and hospitals meet their demands. But I have seen that there are still some limitations on the bed. It is specific to one function, it doesn’t have the ability to do other automatic functions like for example the back and leg support that an ordinary hospital bed can provide. But from here, it is a good start of an innovation for hospital beds, which can be used in the Philippine Hospital and at the same time it provided an opportunity to improve the system. However, it also beneficial that they used programming techniques to be able to control the bed but it is a reality that it can be prone to error and computer problems. It is true that certain safety measures should always be considered while using the bed. Because it is used for ill patients, the design should really be carefully evaluated because lack of planning and knowledge on the disadvantages of the bed can also lead to danger of the person who is using it. It is also helpful to coordinate with the health experts and authorities on the design of the bed. I would also suggest that the access for the control of the bed should have certain limitations or password to authorized personnel to avoid the risk and problems on the patient. There are a lot of things which can be improved on the design and program of the bed, this is a good start and they should continue on the research to maximize the uses and benefits that it can provide to patients and hospitals by the use of modern techniques and knowledge in and automation.

Read the attached case and write a legal brief of the case Study

Read the attached and write a legal brief of the - Case Study Example s motion, the District court suppressed the data obtained through GpS while the vehicle was parked at Jones’s residence but accepted the remaining data on the ground that Jones had no reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets. The D.C Circuit reversed the conviction on the ground that warrantless use of GpS violated the Fourth Amendment. Government approached the Supreme Court. A. Rule: The Fourth Amendment provides that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizure, shall not be violated†. The government’s claim that a search has not occurred is rejected because in Katz v. United States (1967), the Court observed that â€Å"the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places†, and found violation in the attachment of an eavesdropping device to a public telephone. B. Application: Though the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence was mainly tied to common-law trespass till the second half of 20th century, it deviated after that and started protecting the privacy of people, not places. The vehicle comes under â€Å"effect† as provided in Fourth Amendment, and it is not an â€Å"open field† as claimed by the

Ogallala aquifer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ogallala aquifer - Essay Example A lot of our water supply comes from water wells that are drilled deep down into the aquifers. We need these aquifers to stay unpolluted in order to continue to enjoy them. The Ogallala aquifer is one of the worlds largest and is located beneath the Great Plains area of the United States. It is fairly shallow but because of its surface area contains an enormous amount of water. This aquifer is vital for the future of the United States, and yet it is not doing very well. The water in it is running low. As one researcher recently framed the issue: Many people assume that large groundwater formations may temporarily run low, but will fill again when rainfall is plentiful – as do lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. However, unless the areas impacted are unaffected by the factors that contribute to high evaporation – such as minimal rainfall, abundant sunshine, low humidity, and periodic strong winds – this assumption is not even remotely correct. Therefore, it is imperative that we find solutions through research to water problems and maintain the aquifer as a continuing resource (Guru, 6). The problems range in severity and the length of time they will occur in. We must take action now to avoid the aquifers depletion and pollution. We need to preserve its use for future generations. To lose the use of this aquifer would be a serious indictment against the United States and a blow to farmers throughout the Midwest who rely on it to irrigate and water their crops. Sadly a number of new techniques threaten the safety of aquifers. In The Whole Fracking Enchilada by Sandra Steingraber, the author discusses how natural gas is extracted from shale. The process can be very destructive to the environment. We have to be mindful of this in the future as we continue to try to meet our energy needs while preserving the quality of our environment and drinking supply. Excessive water use in the extraction of natural resources is another threat to aquifers. We need water

Risks associated with acts of God Essay Example for Free

Risks associated with acts of God Essay There are various approaches that can be used in assigning probabilities of acts of God. This includes drawing of risk impact/probability chart which helps the risk manager to decide which type of risks requires more attention. Scientific approach can also be used in assigning probabilities of acts of God. Scientific approach is an appropriate approach in managing risks and making decisions under conditions of uncertainty such as acts of God. Risk managers can also use lay people response to occurrence and probability of risks as a result of acts of God (Attar, 2010). As a risk manager, I prefer using risk impact/probability chart because it demonstrates both the probabilities of the risk occurring which ranges from anywhere just above 0% and below 100%. The probability of risks associated with acts of God is also expressed. Additionally, the impact as a result of the risk is shown. The approach that cannot be used in assigning probabilities to acts of God is use of lay people response; this is because it is biased, unscientific and ill-informed approach. Part 2 . The source of valid data for estimating chances of a single act of God is history records that are already kept showing the frequency in which the events occurred in the past. From these records, the risk manager is able to estimate the chances of an act of God occurring in the present. According to the concept of conditional probability, it argues that the probability of an event or outcome occurring is mainly based on the occurrence of a previous event or outcome. In risk management, conditional probabilities are mainly contingent on a previous result. In the exposure of due intelligence, I will apply the concept of conditional probability by multiplying the probability of the preceding event by the updated probability of the succeeding event. References Attar, H. (2010). The Scientific Approaches to Risk and Risk Management: A Critical Review. Retrieved August 16 from http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=tasr.2011.386.393org=10

Logocentricity or Difference :: essays research papers

In many academic and scientific investigations there are three stages of development. The first involves the identification of the subject or phenomenon under investigation. The second involves establishing a theory or hypothesis to explain the nature and characteristics of whatever is to be investigated. In the third phase the investigator seeks to apply theory to some procedure of analysis, perhaps in the form of a practical application of knowledge to a range of tasks. What is the "subject" of the present study? It is not some clearly defined topic such as the behaviour of a certain kind of animal or the molecular structure of certain chemicals. The subject is a verbal phenomenon, or - to be very cautious - a possible verbal phenomenon. Do the titles of poems by Goethe and the German Romantics in which the word "Wandrer" occurs and do occurrences of the verb "to wander" in English poetry reflect the same phenomenon? By way of an analogy with a court case, I will call a number of witnesses and first among them, translators who rendered the German "Wand(e)rer" in the titles of German poetic works as "Wanderer" in English. In fact William of Norwich's translation of Goethe's "Der Wandrer" actually exerted a demonstrable influence on William Wordsworth, affecting his use of the word "Wanderer" in his own poetry. "Wanderer's Night-Songs" demonstrates that for Longfellow the English word "Wanderer" Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's rendition of the title "Wandrers Nachtlied" as captured better than any other the sum total effect of the word "Wand(e)rer" in Goethe's poem. To the second class of witness belong critics who apply the word "Wanderer" or a form of verb "to wander" to their critical evaluations, evidently locating the same nexus of themes and problems whether they are writing about German or English poetry. Two critics have in my view already identified the phenomenon with which I am concerned - Professor L. A.Willoughby in his discussions of Goethe's poetry and Geoffrey H. Hartman in his discussions of English romanticism. Their conclusions overlap when they refer to the main protagonist in Goethe's Faust drama as a "Wanderer". I see my task in integrating and correlating their arguments and insights, and to do this with any degree of objectivity I discuss at some length J. Tynjanov's theories concerning "the Word" in poetry. I also attempt to avoid any monocausal explanation of the phenomenon identified by myself and others (though my perception of the scope of this phenomenon is wider than in the c ase of the two scholars I have mentioned).

Negative Effects of Privatizing Social Security

Bush administration’s continuous emphasis on the issue of privatization of social security services has generated much hype in the recent years. Many a social security scholars and workers take into account its bad effects on the socio-cultural sector and economic domain of United States rather than eulogizing it. They put forward many negative effects of this privatization of social security. One of the prime negative effects is that a system that is carved out to offer benefits to employees and their kin upon retirement, disability, or bereavement is going to be treated like a commodity. It is a public service and is not a commercial service. From the very start of social security system in 1935, the program was based on the basis principle that magnitude of the remuneration package would depend on the income of employees over their professional time span. Contrary to this, Bush administration’s new privatized security system would take into account the   Ã‚  amount of funds that a worker would invest in his or her own personal account. Ultimately, this will lower the magnitude of benefit and there would be a great uncertainty on the part of the workers about their investments, margin over investments and remuneration. This would not only result into socio-economic maladies for their but psychological and mental health of the workers would be in danger too. Some scholars are of the view that â€Å"Rate of return† calculations, made by the proponents of privatized social security overlook the â€Å"value of Social Security's insurance protections†. So privatization of Social Security would divert the money that is currently used to finance existing insurance program into investment accounts (this proposed to be created for each worker). So from what sources this amount, that is being used to carry on current payments to recipients of a variety of Social Security insurance and other benefits, will be collected? It would generate a cause and effect phenomenon. For example Treasury of States have to borrow huge amounts from the private sectors and other financial institutes instantaneously in order to pay the insurance and other retirement benefits to the already retired and/or their families. This would cause negative impact on the national economy and federal deficit would go up. National saving would decline and it will effect the long-tern economic development. Another negative impact of the privatization of social security is that remuneration on the finances of workers through individual accounts would be totally dependent on the market trends. Furthermore scholars argue that individual investors are more prone to perform badly in the market than collective investments. In the above case brokerage houses, banks and mutual funds would be beneficial. Social Security programs does not take into account the gender differences and its patterns and procedures treat men and women on equal terms, But is a biological and cultural truth that women get the worst provided by the social security. So in this way, she will be the most hard-hit in the privatization process of social security. Caroll L. Estes as early as 2004 take into consideration the negative impact of privatization of Social security and says; Negative effects are particularly harsh for those older women who do not conform to the model of family status as married with male breadwinner and for those already disadvantaged by race, ethnicity, and class. (Estes, 2004) References Anrig Grig, Jr., ; Wasow, Bernard. Twelve Reasons Why Privatizing Social Security is a Bad Idea. The Century Foundation. 2004. Available online: http://www.socsec.org/publications.asp?pubid=503 Estes, Caroll L. Social Security privatization and older women: A feminist political economy perspective. Journal of Aging Studies. Vol.18. No. February 2004, Pages 9-26 Feldstein, Martin. Privatizing Social Security. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun., 1999), pp. 685-686 ; ; ;

Impact Of Age On Economic Growth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3552 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW People today, live longer and often healthier lives owing to advances in various areas. It is a challenge to maintain and plan longer lives. Societal ageing hampers economic growth and issues such as sustainability of families, the states and communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ capacity to provide for older people. A quick look at the recent decline in fertility rates combined with increases in life expectancy and strong evolution from past fluctuations in birth and death rates depicts a really significant shift in the global age structure. So much so that by 2050, twenty two percent of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population will be over the age of 60 or a figure reaching almost 2 billion compared to expectations for year 2020 of 1 billion. As for citizens aged 80 or above, statistics predict an increase from 1 to 4 percent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Age On Economic Growth" essay for you Create order It is undeniable that a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic character will tend to change as its population ages since different age groups have different economic needs and productive capabilities. These changes can be measured by assuming a certain age-specific behaviour in relation to earnings, employment and savings and to assess the implications of modifications in the relative size of different age groups for these main contributors to the national income. However this tends to be misleading in the long run. Normally, changing expectations about life cycle and demographic shifts are likely to entail behavioural changes and thereby influencing economic consequences of ageing. One good example is an individual who expects to live longer than his ancestors who will continue to work for longer and therefore start benefiting his savings at a later age. 2.0 WORLD AGEING SITUATION Rapid reduction in infant mortality rates coupled with a dynamic fall in the death rate has resulted in a sharp rise in the proportion of older people in the population. This phenomenon of ageing population is fast becoming a worldwide problem. In 1950 there were about 200 million people above 60 years old in the world. This figure has risen some 616 million in the year 2000 and is expected to rise to 1.2 billion in 2025. A majority of them, about 72% of the total, will be living in developing countries. The projections indicate that the demographic transition will proceed much more rapidly in developing countries than it did previously in developed ones. The continuing fertility decline in many developing countries today is faster than the gradual decline experienced by the currently developed countries. In the developing countries, therefore, the pace of population ageing will exceed the pace in the developed countries. For example, it took France and Bel gium more than 100 years to double the rate of the population over 60 from 9% to 18%. In Mauritius, the same change will occur in only 25 years. 3.0 Mortality and Life Expectancy We are ageing not just as individuals or communities but as a world. There were almost 500 million People aged 65 and above across the world in 2006 and that number is likely to reach 1 billion by 2030. An increase in the ageing population is more significant in developing countries, which is expected to rise to 140 percent by 2030. For the first time in human history, children under age 5 will be outnumbered by people age 65 and over. Life expectancy is steadily rising and the number of oldest people aged 85 and over is increasing. Chronic non communicable diseases are now becoming the main cause of death among elderly in both developed and developing countries. Some populations are going to shrink in the next decades. In some countries, the total population is decreasing simultaneously with the increase of an ageing world population. The growth of a very old population can have the following implications: 1. Retirement money and pensions will have to cover a longer period of life. 2. Even if disability rates decrease, health care costs are going to rise. PROJECTED INCREASE IN GLOBAL POPULATION BETWEEN 2005 AND 2030, BY AGE 4.0 THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION AGEING 4.1 The importance of age structure. Economic growth may be influenced by changes in population age structure. To analyse age structure, a life-cycle perspective is adopted, based on peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic needs and contributions during the various stages of life. The ratio of consumption to production is higher for the young and old people and lower for working adults. The key drivers of economic growth such as labour, productivity, consumption and savings vary according to where people fall in the life cycle. Labour and savings are higher among working adults than among those aged above 60. Declining fertility and mortality rates during the past four decades have significantly changed the age structure of the population. There will be a 23% increase in the proportion of the elderly population. The proportion of the population aged under 15 is expected to decline to 19% in the next four decades. The populat ion of the Republic of Mauritius will continue to age. Both past and projected ageing is illustrated in Table 2. Table 1 Age group 1962 1983 1999 2009 2019 2029 2039 thousands (% of total) Children 317 325 304 295 286 280 272 (Ages 0-14) (45) (33) (26) (23) (21) (20) (19) Working ages 345 604 768 855 880 871 861 (Ages 15-59) (49) (60) (65) (67) (64) (61) (59) Over pension age 38 70 103 133 206 285 332 (Ages 60 over) (5) (7) (9) (10) (15) (20) (23) All ages 700 1000 1,174 1,283 1,372 1,436 1,466 Pensioner support Ratio = (ii)/(iii) 9.2 8.6 7.5 6.4 4.3 3.1 2.6 Table 2 Assuming age of retirement to be 65 Working ages 364 630 799 901 952 955 952 (Ages 15-64) (52) (63) (68) (70) (69) (66) (65) Over pension age 22 45 71 87 134 201 241 (Ages 65 over) (3) (4) (6) (7) (10) (14) (16) Pensioner support Ratio = (vi)/(vii) 16.5 14.0 11.2 10.3 701 408 40. The elderly population will triple in the next four decades to attain 332,000 with more women (184,000) than men (148,000). Table 1 presents a summary of the projections and gives the evolution of the pensioner support ratio for two cases, i.e age of retirement is 60 and 65 years. Table 2 gives the evolution of the life expectancy. Life expectancy was quite low in 1950 compared to the present level. Life expectancy has significantly improved over the past fifty years and is expected to improve further in the future. 4.2Social Security Benefits Social Security benefits and public sector pensions are among the sectors that will certainly be affected by the ageing issue. Nowadays, the composition of social security benefits is two-fold, non contributory and contributory. Basic retirement pensions of the elderly and the elderly invalids irrespective of their economic status are non-contributory benefits wholly financed by government. The actuarial report on the National Pensions Fund has drawn attention to the fact that future increases in the number of pensioners will make the financing of basic retirement pensions an increasing burden on resources. The cost of basic retirement pensions rose sharply from about Rs 2.3 billion in 1999/2000 and is estimated to be Rs 3.5 billion in 2015 and Rs 6.4 billion in 2035. Examination of the implications of the projected strain on government resources is therefore becoming a high priority. Assuming that the rate of basic pension remains more or less the same, i t should be noted that an increase in pension age from 60 to 65 would lead to significant saving to the government in respect of basic pensions. Tax revenues may also increase as a result of employment continuing between ages 60 and 65 but there would be no financial impact on the NPF as a result of these changes. Welfare services such as long term care and any payment (other than from the NPF) to the elderly out of the state budget which are likely to increase faster than GDP in future are other examples of financial implications of ageing on state budgets. The ageing of the population will increase the financial strain on the state budget in future as follows: Basic pension expenditure (all of which is financed by general taxation) is projected to increase by 75% in some twenty years and to almost triple by 2040 if present pension rates are maintained. Expenditure from the NPF is projected to exceed contribution income by 2015. Part of the NPF expenditure will need to be met by investment income, most of which is derived from Government bonds or loans. In the absence of corrective measures, the investment income required to meet NPF expenditure would be derived largely from taxation. Expenditure on public service pensions is projected to increase by about 80% in real terms over the next 20 years, that is , from about 11/4% to 21/4% of GDP; Expenditure on healthcare and social services for the elderly can also be expected to increase substantially over the same period. To ensure that the state pension system remain financially sustainable in future, many countries are increasing the minimum state pension age. In Mauritius, the expectation of life at age 60 is significantly higher than when the current pension system was introduced. There has also been improvement in the health of the retired population aged 60 above, thereby enabling many of them to continue to work. Provided they have sufficient financial resources many people might decide to retire from their main occupation before the state pension age. In these cases it seems reasonable that the individuals or their employers finance the early retirement. 4.3 BUDGETARY MEASURES In his budget speech 2011, the Minister of Finance commented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦all our elders deserve to live in dignity. The wealth we are creating today, the prosperity we are enjoying also bear the indelible footprints of their hard work. They must get their fair share.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The government of Mauritius is preparing for the challenges of an ageing population and ramp up its support for our seniors. The Mauritian population is ageing .It is a new trend with new implications for economic and social policies. The government must provide for the changing needs such as new patterns of consumption and greater demand for health care. The government wants to make of Mauritius a society that can allow its elderly to live the high quality of life that they deserve. It is essential that Mauritius is on top of the issues of an ageing population and formulate effective policies. The second measure relates to health care for the elderly. A carersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ strategy and Action Plan will be prepared to address all issues relating to the need of our elderly population for carers Services. Third, the NEF will leverage on the high level of women seeking employment to train women in the skills and knowledge required to give care to elderly people. The training will provide certification and allow them to register as professional carers with the Ministry of Social Security and be given a certified carer ID. Fourth, the Cite des Metiers will open a section dedicated to facilitate our seniors in their search for carers and other services. Fifth, a new recreational centre for elderly, costing Rs 120 million and with a swimming pool, will soon be inaugurated at Belle Mare. Recreational centres are being constructed at Pointe aux Piments and at Riambel. Sixth, a get together Programme is being set up to give our elders who live alone and are on social aid the opportunity to socialize around a hot meal once weekly. Seventh, the government is extending the additional monthly allowance for persons suffering from incontinence to bed-ridden beneficiaries of Basic Retirement Pension aged 75 years and above. Eighth, to protect more the seniors from normal and regular flu outbreaks and from pandemics such as the HINI virus, free vaccinations against flu are being extended to our elders aged 60 years and above. Ninth, the government will invest in two low floor buses for senior citizens for outings from the recreation centres at Belle Mare and Pointe aux sables. Tenth, government is increasing the amount of income tax exemption for lump-sum on retirement and severance from Rs 1 million to Rs 1.5 million. For elders who have toiled hard in the sugar industry, the government is amending the Sugar Industry Pension Fund Act to allow payment of benefits to exceed two-thirds of final salary. 4.4 Accounting Effects If age-specific behavior in respect of labour supply and savings were fixed, labour supply and savings per capita would decrease with a rising elderly share of the population. Keeping all other factors such as productivity and migration equal, this would imply lower growth in income per capita. Peter Peterson (1999), argued that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“global ageing could trigger a crisis that engulfs the world economy and may even threaten democracy itself.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Alan Greenspan (2003), former U.S Federal Reserve Chairman has stated that ageing in the United States à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“makes our social security and Medicare programs unsustainable in the long runà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The European Unionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Economic Policy Committee (2010) is more measured in its assessment of the threat: The ageing of the population is becoming a growing challenge to the sustainability of public finances in the EU Member States. The increase of the ratio between the number of retirees and the number of workers will gradually increase expenditure on public pensions and health and thus creates difficulties on maintaining a sound balance between future public expenditure and tax revenues. The retirement of baby boomers and the increase in the share of elderly in the population will create economic and fiscal stresses on the second decade of the 21st century. These demographic developments, if not offset by changes in household behavior and government fiscal policy, will reduce the number of workers in relation to the population needing support and lower the national saving rate. The result will be slower growth in national income and consumption after 2010. Aging-related expenditures are one of the fastest growing components of government expenditures. Over the next 40 years, the share of working adults will decline from 59 percent of the population to about 56 percent. The share of older adults (65 and over) will increase from just over 12 percent to almost 21 percent of the population. The higher costs of supporting these retirees will be offset partially by lower costs of supporting children, as the share of the population age 19 and under will drop from 29 percent to just over 23 percent 4.5 Future Labour supply After 2010 the population between ages 20 and 64 will decline and the percentage of people over age 65 will increase dramatically. These changes reflect the short run effect of the ageing of baby boomers while the long-run effect of reduced fertility and increased life expectancy. If labour force participation rates in each age group remain the same, the ratio of workers to retirees will decline sharply between 2010 and 2030. A decrease in the share of workers in the population means that, if all else remains the same, output per capita and living standards will be lower than they otherwise would have been if the share of workers had remained stable. The change in age composition of the population will reduce the share of workers and increase the share of dependent elderly. The increase in experience associated with an older workforce will raise average earnings and productivity per worker. With better health and increased life expectancies, one can expect individuals to work longer. As shown in Bloom, Canning, Mansfield and Moore (2007), the response to rising life expectancy is to increase the number of working years and the number of years in retirement proportionately, without changing period-specific saving behaviour. While a large set of factors such as increasing demand for leisure, general increases in wealth and difficult labour markets have contributed to low labour force participation among the elderly, social security systems have undoubtedly been a key reason for the continued low labour force participation among the elderly. Even if individuals decide not to work longer, increased life expectancies can be expected to induce increased savings over the working life in order to finance a continued high standard of life in retirement. As the elderly are healthier, they can work longer and more productively and place fewer demands on public resources. Businesse s can play a role in encouraging older workers to continue working, and they can in turn benefit from such workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ experience and reliability. Allowing flexible schedules, offering ongoing training in new skills, providing wellness programmes, and re-allocating physically demanding tasks to younger workers are measures that can help retain the older segment of the workforce. 4.6 Consequences for Living Standards Labour supply adequacy is one factor influencing standard of living of the population. It refers to the ratio of the quality-adjusted workforce to the total consumption needs of the population. But not all people have equal consumption needs. For example, the government spends much more per capita on the over-65 population than it does on other age groups. Demographic trends will have adverse effects on economic growth after 2010, due in large part to the slowdown in the growth of the workforce and the increase in spending on age-related government transfers. But the effects do not appear to be catastrophic. The economy will continue to grow, even at a slower rate. Capital will increase considerably, even though lower national savings rate, as a smaller workforce requires less capital. Individual and population ageing are not gender neutral. Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entitlement to goods and services over time is closely related to their work history, pension, property and inheritance rights. Old women generally occupy a precarious economic position, as they have accumulated fewer financial reserves than men, have fewer assets of their own and, more often than not, experience a weakening of their control over the family assets with the death of the husband. Poverty is a real threat to women as they get older. It is therefore imperative that any financial and social scheme developed to care for an ageing population should include targeted policies for the support of the elderly women. 4.7 Theories of Saving One of the most important theories of saving is the life-cycle model (LCM), which predicts that people will save in order to translate their fluctuating levels of income into smooth paths of consumption. Consumption implies that households borrow when young, save when middle-aged, and spend savings, or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dissaveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, when old. The life-cycle Model assumes that people by death would have consumed all their wealth and that people have unlimited access to capital markets at a single interest rate paid by borrowers or received by savers. Given these assumptions, the pure LCM implies pronounced differences in annual saving rates by age, with consumption fluctuating with changes in permanent income but not transitory income. The private sector of the economy will account for a larger share of the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s saving in the future. Maintaining private saving in the face of potentially increased public dissaving will be critical for continuing future economic prosperity. While changing demographic may increase private saving, the government should also create appropriate incentives for private saving. 4.8 Influences on Public Savings Public saving is what is left of taxes after subtracting transfers, interest paid on government debt, and government consumption. Public saving is also government investment minus the budget deficit. Future public saving will be affected by the ageing of the population because major government transfer programs-social security and the health programs (Medicare and Medicaid)- disproportionately benefit the elderly. Danziger et al. found that the elderly not only do not dissave to finance their consumption during retirement, they spend less on consumption goods and services than the young at all levels of income. Moreover, the oldest old save the most at a given levels of income. At the same time, while their human capital and private pension wealth is being depleted, especially at the most advanced ages, the elderly face a complex problem of uncertainty about their health, life expectancy, and ability to maintain independent households. In these circumstances, they reduce their consumption to maintain their wealth. The problem of population ageing, which is a consequence of fertility decline, has become the new à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bÃÆ' ªte noireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of development, replacing rapid population growth, a consequence of high fertility. It is ironic that population ageing and rapid population growth are two faces of the same coin: fertility. Both population growth and ageing have an adverse effect on savings, it is argued, as the young and the old are more consumers than producers, and thus dependent on the working population. The orthodox debate not only ignores the positive contribution that the old could and do make to the economy, but also fails to recognize the fact that there are other sections of the population, such as the unemployed, who are also supported by the working population. From a long term point of view, however, it is the working age and not just the working population that matters. Keynes and others argued that population ageing would reduce growth via its adverse impact on aggregate demand and investment, and not because of a higher tax burden and government expenditure on social security and pensions. The relevance of this approach to the current debate on ageing in its integrated view of the demand and supply or consumption and production implications of population ageing, in contrast to the orthodox approach which is primarily concerned with the consumption effects of ageing. The economic implications of an ageing population are intricately intertwined with the macroeconomic performance of a society over time. At the macro level it is the current output that has to pay for the subsistence of the population, young or old, at working age or retired. The current output, however, depends in part on past savings and investment. In other words the work and savings of the present generation provide subsistence and employment for the present as well as for the future generation. The benefits of growing national income and increased productivity will not, however, be distributed equally among the old whose claim on the national income depends on their accumulated assets, including savings and pensions. An economy which distributes its assets and income unequally over its working age population carries such inequalities into old age, thus creating a differentiated group of old people. This has to be taken into account in the setting up of national pension plans in order to prevent hardship among those old people whose poverty when of working age prevented them from saving for their old age.