My House Was Destroyed by Fire Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay abou

December came quietly that category, not blinding us with a blanket of snow, but creeping through the landscape with a coolness that ached in the bones. Every blade of grass was held captive by a sheath of frost, as were the glacial branches that scraped at my windows, begging to get in. It is indeed the coldest year I can telephone, with winds like barbs that caught and pulled at my skin. People ceaselessly searched for warmth, but my family found that this year, the warmth was searching for us. My family had collected in the basement, a testament to loud dcor with a dash of dank- ness. Nevertheless, it was easily the warmest place in the house and all household activities were being conducted there that day. My dad was trying to conquer a video game with little success, and my brother and I toiled with our homework achieving an equal lack of accomplishment. The culprit of our distraction was undoubtedly the pot roast that waited upstairs for us, rally our empty stomachs with i ts heavy smell which floated over the moldy air of the basement like oil on water. The aroma must have reminded my mother to chip in the roast a checkup, for she had abandoned the laundry and was ascending the stairs. Now, I dont believe much in the extrasensory, but I distinctly remember having a bad, bad feeling when my mother traversed the last step. Whatever this premonition may have been, it had me at my feet and waiting at the bottom of the stairs for a scream I already knew was coming. No foreshadowing could have prepared me for it, though. Her scream hit me like a cy- clone, turning my legs to rubber and my innards to slush. activated yelling followed the first shrill cry, and my father had nearly flown upstairs before I could even chi... ...the fire. My dolls were twisted and liquefied, broken and scorched, sprawled upon my shelves and floor as if my room was any(prenominal) elaborate death scene. Spectral pieces of shattered glass sparkled amongst the yellow glow of my flashlight, littering my bed and a great deal of the floor. My family was reunited with no tears, but shared a common frustration that knotted in all of our stomachs. The next four months would be equally hellish, spent in a cramped hotel room, with a so-called kitchen and comfortable living space that included a sink, a microwave, and three beds for the four of us. The time away from the hotel was devoted to slaving over house repairs, or patently yearning for just a breath of spring. The cold was hideous and blistering, and people matched its bitterness with their complaints. My family stayed quiet we had our share of warmth that winter.

MBA Admissions Essays - An Entrepreneurial Passion :: MBA College Admissions Essays

MBA Admissions Essays - An Entrepreneurial Passion My love for business is not something I was born with. It took over a decade of meet and exploration to discover my passion. This discovery began ten years ago when I accepted a position at The Pitney Bowes Corporation. My job was to make unsolicited scream calls to prospective businesses in order to sell our base model postage meter. All that was required was reading a script, word for word, to potential buyers. Yet, after a week of working at Pitney Bowes, I still didnt know important details about the meter, like what it looked like, and how it actually ope targetd. My manager acted a bit affect when I asked to see the meter, but she agreed, and I took a walk to an adjacent building where I saw first hand what I was marketing. It looked completely various from what I had expected, but by viewing and touching it first hand, my ability to convey to people what I was offering improved dramatically. Once I viewed the device, I felt more confident to adlib on the sales pitch. In a couple of weeks reading my hybrid pitch led to a higher rate of sales. People were more apt to buy from someone who sounded like a person and less like a robot. My sales steadily improved and in my third month I was the number one sales person out of over 200 employees. Management implemented some of my changes in the selling process and as a result, overall sales of the entry model postage meter increased significantly. by and by my days of selling postage meters were dogged over, and I was in my senior year of college, I decided to start my own company. I wrote two books on college admission and college life and marketed them through the internet. After three month of diligent work, I sold over 500 books and expanded the company to five employees. Since selling only two books was proving so successful, I decided to branch out and try my hands at an affiliate driven superstore. I partnered with web sites like Amazon.com and Reel.com and became officially licensed to sell their merchandise. My cartridge clip and effort resulted in many visitors to my on-line superstore, but sales were few and far between. The business needed a change of direction.

Mobile Marketing Essay -- Technology, Mobile Applications

2.1Handheld Mobile Devices and Mobile Applications2.1.1Defining Handheld Mobile DevicesThe medium for wide awake applications is a mobile device. composition the functions of mobile devices vary, the key criteria such a device must fulfil is portability. To that extent, mobile devices have been described as interactive wireless media (Haghirian and Madlberger 2005, 2). Mobile devices stomach a range of capabilities, but essentially they allow access to data and information with the opportunity of being used in a variety of environments (ISACA 2010, 2). The border take hold mobile device indicates that the device is limited to something that can be held in the hand(s).Even so, the term handheld mobile device may flirt a different meaning to different people and therefore can be anything from a PDA to a digital camera. For the purpose of this paper, the term handheld mobile device (henceforth abbreviated as mobile device) will be associated only with those mobile computing devic es that have the capability of downloading third-party mobile applications (as defined in 2.1.3). Namely, these are smartphones, PDAs and tablet PCs. 2.1.1.1Mobile phonesThere are many known terms for mobile phones including cell phone, basic phone, feature phone, traditional mobile phone, smartphone, and remains phone. Nonetheless, it can be argued that mobile phones currently on the market are typically categorised as either feature phones or a smartphones. The definitions of these cardinal types are widely discussed and disputed by analysts, manufacturers, journalists, and end users. The lack of a standard definition can be attributed to the advancement of mobile phone technology. As the technology continues to evolve, definitions are subject to ch... ...s have existed since the development of mobile devices. Downloadable applications (such as DMO apps), however, have only spread and reached mainstream usage with the emergence of smartphones and PDAs (Holzer and Ondrus 2011, 2 2). Beyond the fundamental definition, there are a range of classifications that a mobile application may fall under. In their 2008 white paper on mobile applications, the Mobile marketing Association (MMA) suggests that, from a technical viewpoint, mobile applications can be distinguished according to the runtime environment in which they function. The MMA lists three types of runtime environments, namely native platforms and operating systems, mobile web and browser runtimes, and other managed platforms and virtual machines. By and large, however, the industry makes a distinction between native applications and web-based applications.

Research Paper - Class Size -- essays papers

Research Paper - Class sizingClass sizing is a very popular topic that is greatly research through protrude tuitional settings. Class size deals with how many students are in the domesticateroom at once. Class size can vary greatly. It can depended on the location of the school, where the more rural areas have only one high school while in a city environment in that location could be twenty-three high schools in one area. Location also depends on the mensuration of population in that area. Class size also can depend on the level of schooling. Such as in a major university there could be two hundred students in one class, while in a local elementary school there is only eighteen students in one class. Class size can depend on what kind of class is being taught. In physical education, classes could be fitted together to make abounding equal time for all students to attended physical education that day. Many researches have been performed to see the effect of class size has on ma ny assorted aspects of education. Some of the aspects of education that researchers study the effect of class size on were academic achievement, discipline, teacher morale, student motivation, class involvement, and the way the information is presented to the students. The researchers try out different size classes and use one variable that stays the same such as discipline. The researchers then can see the positive and negative set up of each class size. Then the researchers can make a theory about what those have found. The researchers have done many studies on each of these aspects of education and many other aspects of education. The main aspect of education that the researchers like to perform studies on is relating class size and its effects on academic achievement. Academ... ...dent sand parents privation the best they should attended a class size that is small, because research as shown that the smaller the class is, the better the student will do. Bibliography Biddle, B ., & Berliner, D. (2002). Small Class Size and Its Effects. Educational Leadership, 59 (5), 12-20. Finn, J. (2002). Small Classes in American trails Research, Practice, and Politics. Mid-Western Educational Research, 15 (1), 19-25. Lesser, D., & Ferrand, J. (2000). Effect of Class Size, Grades Given, and Academic Field on Student Opinion of Instruction. community College Journal of Research and Practice, 24 (4), 269- 277. Mueller, D., & Chase, C. (1988). Effects of Reduced Class Size in Primary Classes. Educational Leadership, 45 (5), 48-51. Vedder, R. (1988). School Productivity, Class Size, and Choice. Updating School Board Policies, 19 (11), 574-576.

Environmental Factors :: essays research papers

Environmental FactorsWhen a person is trying to place his or her seating, you have to acknowledge the four task poseuations (conversation, cooperation, coaction, and competition). When conversing with another person, you are most apparent to sit directly across from each other. An example of conversation is when my roommate and I go eat. We do not sit side by side, unless somebody else is coming to eat with us. The opposite sitting arrangement to conversation is cooperation. During cooperation you are most likely to sit side by side because you are service and showing each other useful information. Here on campus in the library, student union, lobbies of different departments were you could see cooperation at its best. I will use myself as an example because when I was a freshman and sophomore here at Appalachian State I had to go to study hall and get a tutor because of football. When I was getting tutored my tutor would not sit across the table from me she would sit beside of m e because it felt like I was getting more aside of the conversation.However, the Intimacy Level between two people helps depend on were you sit. If a couple is very intimate then they are likely to sit side by side. But if a couple is not intimate but friends they will sit across from one another. When my girlfriend and I go out on a date we will sit across from each other. But, when I am at work I see fourth-year couples in there forties, sitting next to each other. But a place were Intimacy is not involved is the clubs, because alcohol is involved. Alcohol can increment the intimacy level between two not intimate people. Another reason that makes people decisions are their seating arrangement is Personal and Personality differences. wizard example that I have seen is leadership. Leadership is seen everyday in our society. The leadership shows who is in charge of the situation at hand. You will see leadership in conferences, groups, meetings, classrooms when decision is involve d, and at home at the dinner table. Also another example that I have is people who are extroverts. Extroverts tend to be outgoing, loud, talkable people. I am one of those people. So I see Extroversion everyday, an example is, I went to pick up my car from south parking lot. I aphorism this girl that was so fine.

Environmental Factors :: essays research papers

Environmental FactorsWhen a person is trying to place his or her seating, you have to acknowledge the four task situations (conversation, cooperation, coaction, and competition). When conversing with some other person, you be most likely to sit directly across from each other. An congressman of conversation is when my roomie and I go eat. We do not sit side by side, unless somebody else is coming to eat with us. The opposite sitting arrangement to conversation is cooperation. During cooperation you are most likely to sit side by side because you are helping and showing each other useful information. Here on campus in the library, student union, lobbies of different departments were you could see cooperation at its best. I will use myself as an example because when I was a freshman and sophomore here at Appalachian State I had to go to study hall and get a tutor because of football. When I was getting tutored my tutor would not sit across the table from me she would sit beside of me because it felt like I was getting more out of the conversation.However, the Intimacy Level between two people helps depend on were you sit. If a couple is very national then they are likely to sit side by side. But if a couple is not intimate but friends they will sit across from one another. When my girlfriend and I go out on a date we will sit across from each other. But, when I am at work I see older couples in there forties, sitting next to each other. But a place were Intimacy is not involved is the clubs, because alcohol is involved. Alcohol can increase the intimacy level between two not intimate people. other reason that makes people decisions are their seating arrangement is Personal and Personality differences. One example that I have seen is leading. Leadership is seen everyday in our society. The leadership shows who is in charge of the situation at hand. You will see leadership in conferences, groups, meetings, classrooms when decision is involved, and at home at the dinner table. Also another example that I have is people who are extroverts. Extroverts tend to be outgoing, loud, talkable people. I am one of those people. So I see Extroversion everyday, an example is, I went to pick up my car from south parking lot. I saw this girl that was so fine.

Every Child Matters

There is no duty more important than ensuring that churlrens rights are respected, that their welfare is protected, that their lives are free from fear and that they croup grow up in peace. Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations The aim of this paper is to review and critic all told(prenominal)y analyse the both Child Matters (DfES, 2003) framework as rise as to demonstrate the impact of any Child Matters order of business on a specific role inwardly an educational setting.For this purpose, information was ga in that respectd through elements of practiti championr-based research and observations along with the study and analysis of materials presented in books, research journals and professional publications, so as to evaluate the primary(prenominal) aspects of the policy Every Child Matters and site the issues it has raised for professionals working with young children, and particularly too soon years practitioners, as well as to propose rough str ategies that could support those practitioners through emerge the process of required changes associated with the introduction of the policy.In 2003, the government launched Every Child Matters, a comprehensive programme of reform for childrens services with wide-reaching implications for education, health, mixer services, voluntary and community organisations, and other mount upncies. Every Child Matters constituted the Governments policy response to the findings and recommendations of Lord Lamings Inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie, the young girl who died as the settlement of severe physical abuse and neglect in her family. It was published as a Green Paper for consultation on September 2003.Its proposals sop up since been gain developed in subsequent documents including Every Child Matters Next Steps and Every Child Matters Change for Children. Many of the reforms proposed in Every Child Mattersincluding the make-up of a Childrens Commissioner for Englandrequire d amendments to statute. Consequently, a Children Bill was presented to Parliament in March 2004 and subsequently received royal assent on 15 November 2004. The Children conduct 2004, as it now is, provides the legal backbone for the programme of reform. House of Lords and House of Commons, 2005) The proposals of the Government for reforming childrens services aimed to combine the maturement of an overall framework for common childrens services with the need for targeted services to protect vulnerable children. The framework has introduced five outcomes for childrens services as being of key immensity during puerility and adult life being healthy staying safe enjoying and achieving making a positive contribution achieving economic well-being.As Benton, Chamberlain and Rutt (2003 30) point out, Thirty-nine quantitative indicators have been place relating to these outcomes. For example, one of the key indicators of children being healthy is the infant mortality rate, whereas ach ieving economic well-being might be partially assessed by the percentage of young mass plan of attacking FE and training after completing compulsory schooling. Each of the 150 local authority electron orbits can be assessed using any of these indicators that are operable at the local level.The research (Anning, Cullen and Fleer, 2004 Williams, 2004 Roche and Tucker, 2007) suggests that the introduction of the quantitative indicators along with other expectations of the Every Child Matters agenda has transformed the educational landscape in spic-and-span-fashioned years. The need for effective and coherent multi-agency working has become apparent, and that was not just to ensure that abused children like Victoria Climbie no longer fall through the net, but besides to bring together health, social care and education services for collaboration in the interests of all children and with effective provision at all levels.It is worth to mention that the story behind the development of the Every Child Matters still presents uncomfortable reading (Roche and Tucker, 2007 213) for politicians, childrens service managers, practitioners and academics alike due to the incident that the Every Child Matters framework emerged out of the tragic circumstances surrounding the death of Victoria Climbie as well as many another(prenominal) other child abuse inquiries.The study suggests that Every Child Matters has indicated the emergence of the notions of a child and childishness as the central subjects in New Labours social policy. Recently Gordon Brown declared Nothing is more important to the future of our whole country than that, with the best schooling, services and financial support, every child has the take on to develop their potential. (Guardian, 2003 19) Similarly, former Prime Minister Tony Blair stated For most parents, our children are everything to us our hopes, our ambitions, our future. (DfES, 2003 1) The above claims suggest that children to daylight ar e no longer seen as incomplete adults not yet able to participate in social life, but as co-constructors of childhood and society (Qvortrup, 1994 14) In the same context, Moss and Petrie (2002 40), talk around it being time to welcome children as young citizens, equal stakeholders with adults and state that the child has a voice to be listened to (ibid 101).However, it is important to acknowledge that this notion of childhood does not seem to be the only one that shapes the status of children in the sphere of political and economic priorities. Tomplinson (2008) uses an example of Home Office activity associate to the Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO), which is being used to restrain children and make information intimately them public within their communities. According to Walker (2008 149), ten young heap a week are being jailed as a result of ASBOs.This activity is in clear contrast to the aims of Every Child Matters, one of which is to minimise the use of custody (DfES, 2004 3) Prout (cited in Jones et al, 2008 29) explains that public debate swings between children as victims, in need of protection from harm, and children as threat to social coiffe coming from problem families producing unruly and uncontrolled children. The study also suggests that Every Child Matters possibly does not put enough emphasis on the importance of childrens participation and respecting of childrens opinions.Some acknowledgement of those issues is evident in Paragraph 1. 13 of the document, which states some itemors that foster childrens resilience against disadvantage Strong congenerships with parents, family and other significant adults Parental interest and involvement in education with clear and high expectations Positive role models Individual characteristics such as an outgoing reputation, self-motivation, intelligence agency Active involvement in family, school and community life Recognition, praise and feeling judged (DfES, 2003 paragraph 1. 3) Paragraph 5. 47 also mentions Involving children in ontogenesis services (DfES, 2003 paragraph 5. 47) As Williams (2004) rightly points out, the Every Child Matters framework refers to childrens consultation only twice. The first reference is in setting out its outcomes When we consulted with children, young people and families they indirect requested the Government to set out the aims in terms of a positive vision of what as a society we want to achieve for our children (DfES, 2003 paragraph 1. 2).The themes of staying safe and enjoying and achieving are reinforced by the second reference to childrens opinions, when somewhere safe to go and something to do is mentioned in relation to the need for recreational activities (DfES, 2003 paragraph 2. 39). The study also revealed that, surprisingly, the theme of enjoying is hardly developed in the framework. The section Enjoying and Achieving focuses mainly on educational achievement without winning into the consideration the fact that enjoyment was the main theme that came from children.Not only does it give the impression that childrens views are not very important but it also characterizes a kinda dreary vision of childhood which is slightly getting through your exams and keeping out of trouble. This registers more about the processes of becoming an adult rather than the supple enjoyment and negotiation of childhood and young personhood with friends and siblings. (Williams, 2004 412) In addition to criticism towards the lack of emphasis on childrens participation, the study also revealed that there are some points of tension in the Every Child Matters document which reflect a weak framework of values.Walker (2008) expresses concern regarding the fact that no advice is give in the document to the agencies on how to cooperate together effectively and how to overcome difficulties and barriers, especially when it comes to a clash of different values. Williams (2004) shares this concern, arguing that while the document opens up new possibilities for the way society can transform the lives of children and their parents, it also, at the same time, closes these off due to its failure to be more more explicit about its vision and its values There is an underestimation f the need for services and policies to underpin both trust and respect, and for strategies that can build consensus around such values. To some extent a case is put in the Introduction to the Every Child Matters Underpinning this must be not just the resources but an attitude that reflects the value that our society places on children and childhood. But the values that might support a change in attitude are not spelled out. (ibid 410)Nevertheless, despite the mentioned concerns about the conflicting nature of some services and a failure to offer effective legislation in ways that will work for all children and families, it should be noted that the introduction of Every Child Matters and the legislation to support its implementation should b e viewed as a staging post (my emphasis) for a government that is on a significant journey of reform for child- cogitate policy and practice (Parton, 2005).The study suggests that the Every Child Matters agenda raised a number of important issues within the roles of all professional involved in childrens and young peoples services, including teachers and practitioners of early years childcare and educational settings. One of the main issues is related to the introduction of multi-agency flack, which encourages professionals to work in multi-disciplinary teams based in schools and Childrens Centres.An early manifestation of multidisciplinary approaches to work could be seen in relation to the rapid development of early years provision. The mandatory introduction of Early Years Development and Childcare Partnerships (EYDCP) in every local authority area clearly signalled the intention of the Government to build multi-agency working relationships across the public, private and volunt ary sectors that would encompass education, social care and health.Crucially, the local education authority was given the lead role in bringing together related agencies to draw up an annual local plan, linked together into the Governments targets for early education places for 3- and 4-year-olds and the expansion of childcare (Pugh, 2001 15). Following the Every Child Matters agenda on integrated multi-agency approach put an obligation on early years practitioners to restructure and refocus their roles. The agenda for safeguarding children based on integrated pproach had to be carefully reviewed from the perspective of all those working with young children. While the traditional protection functions remained the same (looking for signs of abuse, reporting hesitancy of abuse, etc. ), the other functions, specifically related to multi-agency involvement, had to be introduced, such as involvement in common assessment process, sharing and analysing information, reviewing outcomes for the children against specific plans.Within such a perspective the practitioners based at an early years setting have become central figures in underdeveloped services for socially excluded children and families and those who are considered to be at risk. The contribution of these practitioners has been viewed as vital, as it is reasond that health, education and social services all have an important role to play in improving and safe-guarding the well-being of vulnerable children and their families (Abbott et al. , 2005 230). However, Abbott et al. ibid) also note that there have been difficulties in promoting the vision of multidisciplinary working across organizations, and go further in their criticisms, arguing that there is a lack of evidence to support the notion that multi-agency working in practice brings about benefits for children and families. (Abbott et al, 2005 23) The introduction of multi-agency multi-disciplinary approaches also is having an impact on the practition ers working with older age groups of children. The changes in those practitioners job roles are mainly related to the issue of developing all-encompassing schools.According to research conducted by Cummings et al. (2003) specific grounds for the development of extended schools appear to be emerging, however the evaluation of the extended schools revealed that there is no single model of the extended school, and there is considerable variation between the active models depending on community need, geography and access to funding. The full-service school in which services are located on the school site is less common, though many schools are working towards this (ibid). The challenge to those working in extended schools to deliver effective practice seems to be considerable.The study suggests that, perhaps, the greatest challenge lies in the area of changing the culture of some schools. Smith (2005) supports the idea that multidisciplinary work challenges the isolated position of m any schools where schools have had to work with other agencies their relative size, statutory nature and high degree of control over what happens within their walls have often made them difficult partners (ibid 13). Clearly, these issues have put additional pressure on all staff working in schools in terms of demands of being accountable to both schools and outside agencies.The study also revealed that those occupying teaching roles in extended schools have been faced with new expectations placed on them. Cajkler et al (cited in Rochea and Tucker, 2007) emphasize that the safeguarding agenda pursued in extended school along with the creation of extended education, leisure, care and health opportunities make teachers to undertake different forms of work. As the Lead Professional they find themselves working more closely with families, especially when it comes to improving their access to services that are based on school premises.At the heart of Every Child Matters agenda lies recogn ition that all practitioners working with children will require new skills and knowledge to work more within multi-agency systems. This demand instigated another change in the roles performed by the practitioners as the policy agenda also emphasises the reform of training schemes. As Abbott and Hevey (2001 180) point out, the development of new and innovatory ways of working will require something more than benign cooperation across existing professions.The authors go on to argue that the development of a new childrens workforce has put forward the need for flexibility in approach and a sharing of values and attitudes that had been advocated much earlier in the Rumbold Report (DES, 1990). Indeed, the Every Child Matters agenda implies that all those working with children will require knowledge and skills in six wide areas of expertise, which is referred to as the Common Core of Skills and Knowledge for the childrens workforce.The areas of expertise include the development of effecti ve communication skills an understanding of child development promoting childrens welfare living transitions multi-agency working sharing of information (DfES, 2005). Advocates of the common core specifically argue that the roles and responsibilities outlined within the Every Child Matters framework require individuals and groups to develop such a range of skills and knowledge in order to increase their ability to work across professional boundaries (Tucker et al. , 2002).Along with the demand related to the new training schemes, the Every Child Matters agenda also challenges the practitioners to meet new requirements of OfSTED inspections, which require the practitioners to report the way they are meeting the five outcomes. Personal experiences as well as discussions with the professionals show that, in some ways, the delivery of the Every Child Matters agenda has been transformed from a framework of aspiration to one where evidence is apprehensively seek in relation to specific targets against each outcome.The paper so far has attempted to review and critically analyse the Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003) framework and to discuss the impact of Every Child Matters agenda on a role of practitioners within educational settings. One of the key intentions has been to provide a brief overview of the main issues of the Every Child Matters agenda, an agenda profoundly influenced by a consistent failure to safeguard and protect children and young people and, therefore, promote their welfare.Specific areas concerned with multi-agency approach, the development of extended schools and workforce training and OfSTED issues have been reviewed to demonstrate the scope and complexity of the changes in the roles of practitioners working with children. The impact of Every Child Matters certainly appears to be authoritative in terms of the way it has been transforming structures and processes at both the national and local levels.Every Child Matters has provided a framework for shaping practice, specifically in relation to multi-agency multi-disciplinary approach and the expectations of professionals within educational settings to improve the quality and outcomes of safeguarding children. The study also suggests that, notwithstanding efficiency or inadequacy of specific aspects of the framework, no all-embracing package has been devised, which proposes a perfect solution for safeguarding children and promoting their rights and participation.It seems unrealistic to expect a selected framework to offer ultimate solutions in the context of educational system in view of the fact that a wide variety of different initiatives and approaches continuously develop to meet new sociological, legislative and educational needs. Today children are seen as social beings, active in the construction of their own realities and subjectivities and therefore potentially active in the construction and deconstruction of dominant ideologies (Osler, 1998 34). However, in the fa ce of changes that ime brings into our society every day we must recognise that there is no objective truth about children and there is no single, objective description of how we should protect and safeguard them. The process of developing the ideas of childhood is a continuous non-stop practice, which helps us to comprehend the children and their lives as they really are and in this way give the childrens views a central role in our explorations and perceptions.

Raymond’s Run Essay

Everyone has dreams, everyone had desires, besides sometimes these dismiss make it bad to think of someone besides ones self. Sometimes these dreams and desires can fill the heart, making it nearly impossible to even consider the needs of some others. For most people, it can be hard to put others first, but in the stop, it is the duty thing to do. At the beginning of Raymonds Run by Toni Case Bambard, squealings main focus is running and winning, but by the end of the story, high comes to realize that life isnt exclusively ab show up her self. At the beginning of the story, Squeaky is a confident girl and she knows that she has talent. She is a very tumultuous runner in fact, she is the neighborhoods track star. She is confident that she is the fastest, this is seen when she states there is no track meet that I dont win (Pg. 59 paragraph 3) and that she has been winning since she was a little kid in kindergarten (Pg. 59 paragraph 3)However, her main focus is running and win ning, this makes her a bit confrontational and at times, absent minded to her special needs brother, Raymond. Squeaky knows she is a talented runner, but she is quick to confront other girls when they annoy her. She also makes it clear to other girls that she is the fastest runner in town and will easily beat them in the town race. Despite this Squeaky is loyal to her brother, and is always ready to protect him. When ever people talked trash to her brother, she stand up and say You got anything to say to my brother, you say it to me. (Pg. 62 paragraph 12) Shes a person, who doesnt tolerate stand and listening to people talking trash, shed rather get things right and over quickly. Squeaky is scared of no one.Later when Squeaky decides to participate in the town race, she leaves Raymond in a swing. However, right as the race begins, Squeaky sees Raymond positioning him self by the fence for the race, Although he is not actually competing, Squeaky can see that Raymond knows what he i s doing, despite the facet he has never ran a race before. As the race commences, it is oblivious to everyone but Squeaky, that Raymond is running an fanciful race and that he is indeed a fast runner. At the end of the race, Squeaky has won, but she no longer cares about the race. At the end of the story, Squeaky has had a change of heart.She sees that Raymond has talent, and her original values dont matter anymore. She no longer cares if she won or lost, she is just contented she is just happy for her brother. She realizes that she doesnt have to be a runner, but can anything she wants, a runner, a coach, a spelling bee champion, a pianist she just had to work hard on it. She realizes that she can coach Raymond and keep him something to accomplish, and perhaps, this is what she was meant to do in the first place. She doesnt need to prove herself. She has learned that lifes not all about herself, but rather, about helping others. In Raymonds Run, Bambard uses Squeaky to model the average human. All people are self-centered in nature, which is the inevitable.Like most people, Squeaky starts out and an overconfident young girl, focused only on her own wants and desires. She finds it hard to think of others. In truth it is ofttimes easier and simpler to think only of oneself. However, Squeaky comes to realize that her desirers have blinded her to her brothers abilities. Her own talent clouded her from her brother, preventing her form seeing that she had the chance to give her brother something to be proud of. Bambard uses this realization to show her readers that even though putting others first is hard, it is the right thing to do.Squeaky may have started out as a confident and confrontational girl, with her main focus being racing, but after seeing her brother run, that changes. Squeaky comes to realize that racing isnt everything and that her brother has untapped potential, potation that every one overlooks. She discovers that, even though its hard to put others desires first, it really is the right thing to do. She comes to dedicate herself train Raymond and by doing so, she can give her bother something to accomplish, and perhaps, this is what she was meant to do in the first place. Squeaky helps readers learn that lifes not all about oneself, but rather, about helping others.

Introduction for Dengue Virus Essay

Dengue fever, also called dengue, is a potentially unplayful disease caused by a computer virus. There are four types of dengue virus that can cause illness in humans. Dengue viruses are transmitted between humans by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito.Dengue is noble-minded in the U.S., solely is common and a serious public health threat in warm sub-tropical and tropical areas of the world. These include areas of Central and South America, Africa, south-east Asia, China, India, the Middle East, Australia, the Caribbean and the South and Central Pacific. Dengue fever is most common in urban areas and outbreaks occur commonly during the rainy season when mosquitoes breed hard in standing water. The incidence of dengue fever is on the rise worldwide, and in some areas of Asia, complications of the disease are a leading cause of serious illness and death in children.Mosquitoes pick up a dengue virus when they bite a human who is already infected with the virus. The mosquito then c arries it in its own blood and spreads it when it bites other humans.After a dengue virus enters the human bloodstream, it spreads throughout the body. Symptoms appear in about eight to ten eld after a bite from an infected mosquito. Symptoms are flu-like and can include high fever, nausea, vomiting, body aches, and headache.Most people can recover from dengue fever, but some cases can progress into a life-threatening complication called dengue hemorrhagic fever. Symptoms of this disease include severe, uncontrolled hemorrhage and shock. For more information on symptoms, refer to symptoms of dengue fever.Making a diagnosis of dengue fever begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms, and completing a physiological examination. Recent travel to sub-tropical or tropical areas of the world is an important clue that may increase the suspicion of a diagnosis of dengue fever.

Brain Imaging

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a condition characterized by recurrent intrusive, often repugnant, and always anxiety-ridden thoughts and go fors and by sets of ritualized behaviors performed compulsively by the sufferer in an attempt to allay the anxiety. The compulsive behaviors typically provide little relief, however, and the sufferer remains relegated to an anxious and painful daily experience.Thus, the persevering who drives over the same speed bump each morning whitethorn find it im feasible to relieve oneself of the concern that one may have, on a particular morning, driven over a pedestrian instead, and one is compelled to circle the block in a ritualized fashion searching for a crushed corpse in the street. While the sufferer is able to acknowledge the perverse and senseless nature of the rituals, this insight alone fails to relieve the experience of helplessness (Pauls et al. , 1995).As has been true of more(prenominal) or less psychiatric rowdyisms, traditio nal etiologic explanations have been based on psychoanalytic findings and constructs. Formulations of the illness based on cognitive processing models flirt a more recent development. Still more recently, a signifi brookt reconceptualization of neurotic symptomatology has followed the development of modern useable vision technologies, and a biologically-oriented and witticism-centered view of OCD has emerged in light of the full-blooded findings from the last decades.The most popular understanding theory to date explains the pathogenesis of OCD as an imbalance in the action of a pair of interrelated neural sets which, below normal circumstances, maintain one another in a state of sourally balanced tone. It may be p atomic number 18nthetically added that, to the extent these brain information are themselves understood, it has puzzle possible to evaluate psychological theories of OCD in functional terms (Robinson et al. , 1991). The neurobiology of OCD has been a subject o f research interest for several decades, with the disorder having become increasingly formulated as a neuropsychiatric illness.Modern neuropsychiatric hypotheses have been guided by data having its origins in data derived from the direct get word of OCD patient roles development newly developed non-invasive brain imaging techniques. Significant findings from this area of inquiry are summarized in the following pages. Background to OCD OCD symptomatology has been reported among patients with closed moderate detriment to the basal gangliar structures and among those with basal ganglia lesions demonstrable subsequent to carbon monoxide poisoning and to wasp sting (McKeon, 1984).Symptoms have additionally presented as a clinical feature some(prenominal) of striatal necrosis and frontal lobe lesion (Siebyl et al, 1989). Thus, the initial background of data around OCD has implicated the basal gangliar structures, particularly the striatum, and, to a lesser extent, the frontal lobe. I maging studies of the living brain are generally divisible into two distinct categories, those representing morphologic or structural abnormality, on the one hand, and those representing disturbance of function at the cellular or metabolic levels, possibly with only very small or wholly undetectable changes in syllable structure, on the other.The distinction is important while investigation at the level of structure and morphology will reveal atrophic change or gross pathology (eg. , tumor, trauma, etc. ,) investigation at the metabolic level provides a window directly into what has been termed, in traditional discourse, functional mental illness. That is, structures which have retained their morphologic integrity may nonetheless be shown to be functioning in metabolically hyperactive or hypoactive state relative to normal. In the interest of maintaining this important distinction, studies deriving from the two imaging modality groups are reviewed here separately.Structural brain imaging studies Luxenberg, Swedo, Flament et al. (1989) used quantifiable Computed Tomography (qCT) to analyze the morphologic scripts of various brain structures believed key in OCD. Clinical subjects with childhood-onset OCD were selected on the understructure of active and unabated symptomatology of at least one year during their illness. While depressive symptomatology with onset after obsessional illness was not an exclusion criterion, none of the patients was grim at the sequence of the qCT examination.The researchers found that mean caudate nucleus volume in the patients was significantly less than that of control subjects. No other significant brain abnormalities were found. Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al (1984), report on the administration of CT scans and neuropsychological test measures to 16 adolescents with OCD and 16 matched controls. Patients were found to have significantly change magnitude ventricular surface (relative to whole-brain volume) and to show sp acial-perceptual deficits on the Money Road Map Test of Directional Sense.The Money Map Test uses a simulated street map with a route indicated by a dotted line. The subject traverses the route and indicates a right or left turn at each choice point. most the midpoint of the examination the subject is required to mentally rotate himself in order to reverse his own right-left reference. Patients with frontal lobe lesions have been reported to do sickly on this task. Subjects ventricular size of it and neuropsychological test findings were not significantly correlated, however, and the researchers suggest that significant co-morbidity within the patient sample led to unexpected results.In fact, the patient sample had been selected on the basis of its extraordinary psychiatric symptomatology It is possible that (the OCD subjects) are atypical in that enceinte patients commonly report being able to disguise their symptoms after clear onset in childhood (Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al. , 1984, p. 365). The results of the Behar study are besides inconsistent with those of Insel and associates (1983), who report neither ventricular enlargement on CT brain imaging nor significant neuropsychological deficits on the Halstead-Reitan battery of neuropsychological tests in 18 adult OCD sufferers.Confirmation for ventricular enlargement is likewise not observed in the present majority of structural brain studies. Garber, Ananth, Chiu, and colleagues (1988) performed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans on 32 patients meeting the DSM-III criteria for OCD in an investigation of the caudate and ventricular findings. Subjects were judged free of psychopathology other than OCD on the basis of psychiatric testing and evaluation, and severity of OCD symptoms was rated at the time of MRI by means of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.MRI creates highly detailed anatomical images using radiofrequency resonance signals elicited from the hydrogen atoms of tissue under study. The technique produces structural images which are in many rewards (eg. , spatial resolution) quite superior to those provided by CT (Garber et al. , 1988). Further, a technical routine known as spin-lattice relaxation time (or Tl), in which a summary bar of the time required for protons excited within host molecules to relax to baseline is taken as a direct measurement of the mobility of water protons in membranes and fluids.In the study with OCD patients, Behar and colleagues discovered significantly lengthier corrected Tl values for clinical subjects relative to controls in the lenticular nuclei and the right frontal lobes white matter. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity in both samples, subgroups within the clinical sample were developed on the basis of family history and medication status and analyzed against one another. No amidst group differences were noted based on medication status.Patients with family histories of OCD differed from those with no such h istories in the foregoing cingulum, showing significantly briefer Tl values. No gross structural differences were detail to the OCD group. Garber and colleagues (1988) ascribe the altered Tl include to subtle atrophy in the right frontal cortex or diminished blood incline to this region, corresponding to a decline in frontal cortical metabolism. Involvement is also suggested on the parts of the cingulate gyms and lenticular nuclei.These areas are components of frontal-limbic pathways that may mediate the symptoms of obsessional-compulsive disorder surgical alteration of the relationships among structures within these pathways have produced symptomatic improvements. Moreover, the authors propose that hereditary influences on the illness may be most directly express in the cingulate region. The implication of the frontal lobes and cingulate gyms in OCD suggests abnormalities in cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits.Robinson, Wu, and Munne et al. (1995) used MRI in a structu ral volumetric analysis of selected brain regions within or adjacent to these circuits in 26 patients with OCD (DSM-VI-R criteria). While subjects were screened for a number of exclusionary criteria, co-morbidity with depression was not among these. Twenty-six screened normal control subjects were matched to the OCD patients. In results which directly contradict those of Scarone, Colombo, and Ambruzzese, et al.(1992), in which right caudate nucleus size was found by MRI to be increased in patients with OCD, Robinson and colleagues report a significantly diminished morphometic volume for the caudate nuclei bilaterally symmetrically. These findings are consistent with those of Luxenberg et al. (1988), described above, in which morphometric analysis by CT indicated significantly reduced caudate nucleus volume in patients with OCD. mull over by Alyward, Schwartz, and Machlin et al. (1991) report no statistically significant differences between OCD and normal subjects on MRI studies of caudate volume.Their report demonstrates a direct correlation in patients with OCD between the putamen volume and the Global Severity of psychopathology score developed by the National Institute of Mental Health as well as between the caudate volume and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, but found no correlations with the Y-BOCS total score or with the obsessions or compulsions subscore on this instrument. Curiously, however, piece of the patients with OCD into subgroups based on a history of depression did not demonstrate a significant difference.Imaging measures were similar between subjects with and without medication histories. There was no point of ventricular enlargement in patients with OCD. As a group, studies of brain morphology and structure have returned intimately inconsistent findings in OCD particularly differing are reports on the caudate nucleus and striatal region. Different study methods and small sample sizes may account partially for these discrepant findings and represent problems which must ultimately be get over before a valid consensus can be reached.The significant prevalence of OCD symptomatology within neurologic populations and its high co-morbidity with depression contribute to the potential for heterogeneity in OCD samples (Pauls, 1995). The Alyward finding of increased caudate volume in OCD subjects with higher(prenominal) depression scale scores, but not among OCD subjects at large, not only reveals the heterogeneity of the disorder but illustrates the necessity of rigorously defining sample parameters before meaningful comparison and replication may be undertaken.Such rigor has not yet been sufficiently applied in structural imaging studies. Notwithstanding these issues, the question of a chronic degenerative process with resultant caudate diminution over time is suggested by certain of the data, in particular light of the fact that most of the OCD patients studied by the Robinson and Luxenberg groups were longtim e sufferers. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be needed to qualify whether caudate volume changes in OCD are progressive.Additionally, because structural brain imaging modalities are sensitive only to pathology which has resulted in physical change in tissue, they keep out consideration of metabolic or functional change. The following section offers a discussion of imaging findings based on functional processes of the brain modalities of this type substantially enlarge the data available from structural imaging alone. utilitarian brain imaging studiesFunctional brain imaging refers collectively to that set of techniques used to derive images reflecting biochemical, physiologic, or electrical properties of the central nervous system (Devous, 1995). The most developed of these techniques have in common the registration of such data in digitized maps which thus represent visually to the diagnostician or researcher the relative metabolic activations among brain structures of int erest (provided that the dimensions of these lay within the spatial resolution capability of the particular technique).The maps can typically be rendered in any standard anatomical plane for the sake of further clarifying these metabolic relationships. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), so named for the species of radioactive decay on which it depends, and the more economical and widely available modality of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) each registers in a digitized functional map relative regional metabolic activations for any given brain state (eg. , under challenge, during active symptomatology, at rest, and so forth).SPECT maps the distribution of a radioactively labeled pharmaceutical administered intravenously administered to a subject and typically designed to integrate itself into brain blood flow processes in a style printer to the relative activations of the latter (Devous, 1995). The emission of gamma radiation from the agent after it has been all owed to incorporate itself into brain tissue enables the subsequent mapping of blood perfusion densities across cortical regions with the use of SPECT imaging hardware.Blood flow and metabolism are tightly coupled within the brain under most normal and pathologic circumstances, and therefore inferences about neurometabolism are accurately informed by measures of relative blood flow (Devous, 1995). One of the more popular radiopharmaceuticals for such blood flow mapping is referred to generically as HMPAO, an acronym for the chemical structure of the agent. Bound to this chemical structure is the radioactive element Technetium-99m, which is favored as an imaging isotope because of its half-life and energy characteristics (Devous, 1995). ii facts of brain function are pertinent to any review of imaging studies in this area. The first of these requires the reader to keep in mind that an activated cortical region may be inhibitory or excitatory. In the basal ganglia system, for example , excitatory and inhibitory input sf contribute mutually to a functionally balanced neural tone. The stand by fact is closely related A system which lies efferent to the hypermetabolic one will correspond to the nature of this input Inhibitory or excitatory.Notwithstanding the complexities connected to image interpretation, the functional modalities have permitted the development of a more conclusive body of evidence regarding brain function in OCD than has been the case with structural imaging modalities. A consensus has emerged around increased activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less agreement exists with respect to the role of the striatum and associated basal gangliar structures. Rubin, Villanueva-Meyer, and Ananth et al.(1995) studied ten adult male patients with OCD and ten age-matched adult male normal controls using SPECT Patients with OCD had significantly increased uptake of the metabolic tracer radionuclide in the high dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, i n the left posterofrontal cortex, and in the orbital frontal cortex bilaterally The patients also had significantly reduced tracer uptake in the head of the caudate nucleus bilaterally, but not in the putamen or thalamus, consistent with the hypothesized reduction of caudate nucleus activity in OCD. Baxter, Schwartz, Maziotta et al.(1992) reports findings which conflict with those of Rubin and co-workers on the activation of the caudate nuclei. In the Baxter study, ten non-depressed OCD patients were compared with ten age- and gender-matched normals using PET scans. Subjects were screened for current co-morbidity with major depression, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder and dysthymia. All but two subjects had suffered from depressive disorders in the past. Comparison of the scans indicated that patients with OCD had significantly higher overall glucose metabolic rate values than normal controls.Orbital gyri were significantly higher in metabolic activation bilaterally, as were t he bilateral heads of the caudate nuclei. As described, Rubin et al. (1995) report diminished metabolic activity in the head of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Machlin, Harris, and Pearlson, el al. (1991) found elevated railroad blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and cingulate (termed the medial-frontal region) in ten OCD patients studied with SPECT relative to a matched sample of eight normals.Several other well-conceived functional imaging studies implicate the structures of both the Papez circuit and Modells hypothesized fronto-striatal-pallido-thalamic-frontal loop. Swedo et al. (1989) compared 18 OCD patients and 18 normals using PET, and while no whole-brain glucose metabolic differences were found between groups, the left orbitofrontal, right sensorimotor, and bilateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions were notably higher in adults with childhood-onset OCD. Within this group, a positive correlation emerged between glucose uptake in the prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions and state measures of anxiety.In addition, responders to treatment with clomipramine were distinguishable from non-responders on the basis of regional changes in the right cingulate and right orbitofrontal regions, with response failures evincing significantly higher pre-therapy activations. Baxter et al. (1992), in a series of studies with a total of 24 adult patients with OCD, found increased FDG uptake in the cerebral hemispheres overall, and in the orbital gyri and caudate nuclei in the OCD group as compared to normal controls.Rubin, et al (1995) used SPECT imaging and found elevated uptake in the dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, the left posterofrontal cortex and the OFC bilaterally. The group also found decreased uptake in the heads of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Two diametrical comparisons have been made of OCD subjects before and after symptom aggravation. Rauch et al. (1994) used oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide PET to study individually tailored provocative stimuli in order to provoke symptoms in eight patients with OCD.Paired comparisons pre- and post-challenge yielded an increase in regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in the right caudate nucleus, left anterior cingulate cortex, and also bilaterally in the OFC subsequent to challenge. McGuire et al. (1992) studied four OCD patients during actual exposure to contaminants in a pattern tailored individually to produce successively ampleer degrees of anxiety. rCBF was found to increase in the OFC, neostriatum. globus pallidus, and thalamus in relation to the urge to perform compulsive movements.These two paired comparisons of patients pre- and post-challenge provide a unique probability to examine differences between a resting and an obsessional state in the same patient during a brief period. Further, such an examination sheds light on the manner in which inconsistencies among functional imaging studies may be due to variations in the mental state of obsessional patients at the time of the imaging studies. While the architecture of the anxiety challenge varies considerably between the Rauch and McGuire protocols, it remains nonetheless somewhat disappointing that more consistent findings are not elicited in the paired comparisons.In these studies, as in the literature more generally, substantial disagreement exists on the response of the cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei. It is noteworthy, however, that the two paired challenge studies concur with respect to the hyperactivated state of the OFC. It is on the issue of striatal, specifically caudate, activation and morphology that most disagreement exists across both the structural and functional brain imaging studies. It is possible to speculate on the cause of this inconsistency Caudate metabolism may be a state, rather than a trait, marker in OCD.It may also be that pathology in this region is progressive Subjects with damaged striatal mechanisms may, for instance, manifest a hypermetabolic condition in the region for some lengthy period before an atrophic process ultimately begins and results in the opposite finding, hypometabolism and volumetric diminution over a period of time. Uniformity across subject samples in terms both of length and history of illness and co-morbidity with other pathology is therefore essential to further investigation of this region in OCD. ConclusionThe two categories of imaging study at multiplication assume roles along a continuum of pathological severity or etiology. For example, a degenerative change in tissue density or overall size and shape may have developed only after a lengthy period of metabolic dysregulation. An imaging technique sensitive only to morphology would pick up such pathology only at a relatively late stage in its development. Early changes, those occurring at the metabolic level, would be pictured only by means of a functional imaging technique. On the issue of orbital and frontal activation there exists substantial agreement.Although a great deal of data implicates these structures, it is not yet possible to demonstrate which specific neurotic symptoms are related to the observed abnormalities in these neuroanatomic regions or what specific role the region plays in the neuropsychology of the illness. References Alyward E. H, Schwartz J, Machlin S, Pearison G. D. (1991). Bicaudate ratio as a measure of caudate volume on MR images. American diary ofNeuroradiology, 12, 1217-1222. Baxter L. R. , Schwartz J. M. , Bergman K. S. , Szuba M. P. , Guze B. H. , Mazziotta J C , Alazraki A, Selin C. E. , Phelps ME (1992).Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 681-689. Behar D, Rapoport J. L. , Berg C. J. , Denckla MB, Mann L, Cox C , Fedio P. , Zahn T, Wolfman M. G (1984). Computerized tomography and neuropsychological test measures in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 14 1, 363-368. Devous M. D. , (1995). Instrumentation, radiopharmaceuticals, and technical factors. In Van Heertum R. L. , Tikoftky R. S. (eds. ) Cerebral SPECTImaging. New York, NY Raven Press, Ltd.1995. Garber H. J. , Weilburg J. B. , Buonanno F. S. (1988). Use of magnetic resonance imaging in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 164-171. Insel T. R. , Donnelly E. F. , Lalakea ML, Alterman IS, Murphy D. L (1983). Neuropsychological studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 741-751. Luxenberg J. S. , Swedo S. E. , Flament M. F. , Friedland R. P. , Rapoport JR. , Rapoport S. I. (1988). Neuroanatomical abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder detected with quantitative X-ray computed tomography. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1089-1093.Machlin S. R. , Harris G. J. , Pearlson CD. , Hoehn-Sanc R, Jeffery P. , Camargo E. E. (1991). Elevated medial-frontal cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive patients ASPECT study. Amer ican Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1240-1242. McGuire P. K. , Bench C. J. , Frith CD, Marks I. M. , Frackowiak R. S. J. , Dolan R. J. (1994). Functional anatomy of obsessive compulsive phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 459-468. McKeon J. , McGuffin P. , Robinson P. (1984). Obsessive-compulsive neurosis following head injury A Report of four cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 190-192.Pauls D. L. , Alsobrook J. P. , Goodman W, Rasmussen S. , Leckman J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76-84. Rauch S. L. , Jenicke MA, Alpert N. M. , Baer L, Breiter H. C. , Savage C. R. , Fischman A. J. (1994). Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive compulsive disorder using oxygen-15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 62-70. Robinson D. , Wu H. , Munne R. A. , Ashtari M. , Alvir J. M. J. , Lemer G. , Koreen A. , Cole K, Boger ts B.(1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 393-398. Rubin R. T. , Ananth J, Vilianueva-Meyer J. , Trajmar PC, Mena I. (1995). Regional Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow and cerebral Tc-99m-HMPAO uptake in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and during treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 429-437. Scarone S. , Colombo C, Ambruzzese L. S. , Ronchi P. , Locatelli M , Smeraldi S. G. , ScottiG. (1992). Increased right caudate nucleus size in obsessive-compulsive disorder Detection with magnetic resonance imaging.Psychiatry and Research Neuroimaging, 45, 115-121. Seibyl, J. P. , Krystal J. H. , Goodman W. K. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with a right frontal lobe lesion Response to lithium augmentation of trancypromine. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 295-299. Swedo S. E. , Rapoport J. L. , Cheslow D. L. , Leonard H. L. , Ayoub E. M. , Hosier D. M. , Wald E . R. (1989). High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenhams chorea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 246-249.

Ethical and Legal Issue Essay

How personal and societal values can influence ethical decision- make sour when nurses are faced with ethical issues, nursing has long counselingd a nonjudgmental approach to care. Nurses need to able to apply ethical principle in decision- making and consider their own values and belief and the values and belief of the client. As nurses we have a bun in the oven the responsibility to protect the right of the client by acting as client advocate. According with Blais, Hayes, Kozier and Erb (2006) values are freely chosen, enduring belief or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea, or action.Freedom, courage, family, and dignity are compositors case of values. Blais it al (2006) stated that values frequently derive from a persons cultural, ethic, and religious background from societal tradition and from the values held by friend group and family. In the malpractice case, she faced with an ethical- legitimate conflict ethical and legal conflicts are not synonymous. The re are times in professional practice when the legal requirement does not appear compatible with ethical approach.Nurses may place themselves in legal jeopardy when they opt for what they see as the ethical or right thing to do, in spite of what is inherent in the law as that apply. In this case the nurse has acted as a client advocate and notify to the admintration about the situation she was witnessed. She may be was influenced by societal values, of human life and individual right. In Marianne case we as nurse have to respect family decision but at the same time patient values by been advocate by re legal opinion them to keep in mind what would has Marianne wishes.

Modus Operandi Essay

Modus Operandi is a term used in a criminal investigation to describe a way in which a defender goes closely committing a evil. Usually it defines a pattern of activities driven by the offenders, thought and behavior processes, before, during, and after the annoyance. It is also used in criminal pen, where it can financial aid with obtaining clues regarding an offenders psychology. It consists of examining the actions used by the offender to execute the crime, prevent its detection and/or facilitate escape. (Vronsky, 2004)A criminals MO pertains to facts gathered from a crime scene, giving investigators insight into how, when and where the crime was committed. For example, a criminal may use a particular weapon or focus on original type of people, time of day, or a particular neighborhood. All which support his modus operandi. The signature is the way in which a criminal leaves his mark on the crime scene. This can include, posing or branding his victim in a certain way or carr ying out his crime in a frenzied obsession much(prenominal) as torture of disfigurement, using props and/or securing souvenirs such as clothing, to relive the crime.An offenders signature alerts profilers to the emotional and mental aspects of the offender that ar the driving forces of an offenders crime.(Keppel,1997) Signature behaviors suggest clues regarding a criminals past, personality, emotions, mental state and intelligence. Criminal psychological profiling is an investigative tool utilized by experts to examine details of a crime, in the attempt to categorize, understand and predict the behavior of certain type of offenders found on behavioral clues they provide. Criminal psychological profiling is also referred to as criminal profiling, criminal profiling and behavioral profiling.Criminal profiling is a behavioral composite of the unknown, put together after analyzing the crime scene and other important information pertaining to the crime. This can include the autopsy r eport, autopsy and crime scene photos, as well as initial police reports. Also included in criminal profiling, is a detailed analysis of the victim. (Douglas, et al, 1992)Additional data, such as geographical areas beyond the immediate crime scene, the method of which the offender traveled to and from the crime scene and the relevant aspects of the residential location of the victim are also examined. In addition, the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim is also analyzed. Criminal profiling is not necessarily useful in every case, until now in some cases, it can assist with narrowing down the search for an offender when used in repeated crimes committed by a particular(prenominal) offender, such as serial rape or murder. Knowledge gained from profiling, can aide in the interrogation process of an offender and can assist with identifying and protect potential victims before the perpetrator gains the opportunity to offend again.Although there are many opponents agains t utilizing the criminal profiling techniques, the goal of criminal profiling is to deduce copious behavioral, personality and physical characteristics about an offender so that she or he may be apprehended. (Berg, 2008) Several FBI special agents have written books noting their positive experiences with utilizing their skills of a criminal profiler.FBI profiler, Robert Ressler, assisted with popularizing the field of profiling. His book, Whoever Fights Monsters, has often been credited with creating much of the publics fascination with psychological profiling.Berg, B. L. (2008). Criminal Investigation. rising York Mc Graw Hill. Douglas, J. E.., Burgess, A.W., Burgess A.G., & Ressler, R.K.(1992).Crime variety manual A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Keppel, R.D., & Birnes, W. J(1997). Signature killers Interpreting the calling cards of the serial murderer. New York Pocket Books. Vronsky, R. (2004). Serial Killer. New Y ork Berkley Publishing GroupI felt that way.See when uve had a life filled with trauma,ur normal response is to panic,get excited,go into overdrive,defensive,loud talkn etc.Side note.I realize that alot our ppl in the hood,respond that way all the time.Not savvy their responses, are trauma responses.Normal responses based on what theyve been through.Of course they dont no that, bcuz they are always in survival,Fight or flight mode.Two traumatized ppl wont make it bcuz, they part each other.Unless, they r content with the normalcy of it all.You no,ppl who claweach other daily?Tear each other down,then make up as if nothin is wrong.Thats trauma to ones spirit.Ater a while, some is gonna have to pay for that(she/he jst snapped one day).No, it was building.I need a cool calm and collected, who understands that its not personal.That my barr no(prenominal) attitude,is the outcome. Its the normal response baby,from being on my own at 16,DV for many yrs,dispised and unloved by my first t eacher.Yea, it has to go somewhere.lol But,I work on me everyday.Truth b told, I wouldnt want to b anybody else.I felt that way.See when uve had a life filled with trauma,ur normal response is to panic,get excited,go into overdrive,defensive,loud talkn etc.Side note.I realize that alot our ppl in the hood,respond that way all the time.Not apprehensiveness their responses, are trauma responses.Normal responses based on what theyve been through.Of course they dont no that, bcuz they are always in survival,Fight or flight mode.Two traumatized ppl wont make it bcuz, they knowledgeableness each other.Unless, they r content with the normalcy of it all.You no,ppl who claweach other daily?Tear each other down,then make up as if nothin is wrong.Thats trauma to ones spirit.Ater a while, some is gonna have to pay for that(she/he jst snapped one day).No, it was building.I need a cool calm and collected, who understands that its not personal.That my barr no(prenominal) attitude,is the outcome . Its the normal response baby,from being on my own at 16,DV for many yrs,dispised and unloved by my first teacher.Yea, it has to go somewhere.lol But,I work on me everyday.Truth b told, I wouldnt want to b anybody else.

A Job Application Letter Essay

dissever One tells where you found the job opportunity and what the job title is. I am writing in response to your advertisement in the January 16 Philadelphia Inquirer. I believe that my academic training at Drexel University in Electrical Engineering, along with my experience with RCA Advanced Technology Laboratory, would qualify me for the position of programmer. Paragraph Two details your education credentials. Make special note of those skills the employer has mentioned in the job ad. My education at Drexel University has given me a strong background in computer hardware and system design. I have concentrated on digital and computer applications, developing and designing computer and signal-processing hardware in cardinal graduate-level engineering courses.For my senior-design project, I am representing with four other undergraduates in using OO programming techniques to enhance the path-planning software for an infrared night-vision robotics application. Paragraph Three cont ains your work experience. Again, note skills the employer wants in an employee. While working at RCA, I applied my computer experience to the field of the VLSI design. In one project I apply my background in LISP to develop and test new LISP software used in the automated production of VLSI standard cell family databooks. In another project, I used CAD software on a VAX to evaluate IC designs.The last paragraph gives your phone number, email, and time you can be reached. Also, make mention of your resume. The enclosed resume provides an overview of my education and experience. I would like to meet with you at your convenience to discuss my qualifications for this position. Please write to me at the in a higher place address or leave a message anytime at (215) 555-5876.

Factors Affecting Academic Achievement in Children

Factors touch academic achievement in children By Aaron shen Nowadays people be concerneed about education so much due to it has inevitable influence on academic achievement. But what is academic success? more(prenominal) than and More studies have been taken to show different ideas about factors affecting academic achievement in . Its clear that teachers assistants are no longer a popular point. Instead,researhers found that the size of the line is a noticable factor.Of course,tradtional ideas are still very useful to consture it such as teaching method,teaching equipment,personal qualities,families and so on. Jeremy Finn of the farming University of New York and Charles M. Achilles of Eastern Michiggan University found an array of benefits of small social classesin their review. In their study,they drew a culture that students in the small classes performed better than those who were in the larger classes. Increasing data and study are proving this idea. delinquent to all the studies,its easy to say why this happens.First,fewer students in the classroom seem to translate into less(prenominal) noise and disruptive behaviour from students,which not only give the teacher more time for class but also more freedom to engage students creatively. Undoubtfully,this will help improve academic achievement. However,some impudent points are put forward arguing that although students can gain initial benefit from small classes,the jumper cable data cannot prove that the gains persist for years after a student has returned to a normal-sized class. The example of lacquer is typical to testify that teaching method is a necessary factor.It is well known that classes in Asia are large,but why Asian childen do so well in such classes compared to the small classes in American and oher developed countries? The legendary is the way accroding to Catherinne lewis who is an expert on the Japanese educational system and a sr. researcher at Mills College. Such discipline is not imposed by fearsome teachers. Instead,students are honored to be chosen to lead lessons,and they take turns to do it,experiencing firsthand what it is like to quieten take down an unruly group of students.As a result,teachers mange the class by this rather than punishing and rewarding. Whats more,Japanese teachers spend more time with their students which centainly help studennts to learn well both in study and life skills.. All in all there are lots of factors that will affect academic achievement. Except what have been mentioned above,families and intelligence are very necessary factors as well. This eassy aims to study and tries to explain all of these aspects.

Firoozeh Dumas Essay

To deny psyche and education is not just now a crime only if a sin, because you are denying that somebody the opportunity to realize who he or she is meant to be. This quote represents Firoozeh Dumass stead on learning and becoming the person that she is today. Through her hardships, struggles, good times and the bad times, she has matured and well-read a great deal. In the autobiography Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas, the themes or clashing cultures, peeled environments, and learning through experience comes into play. The story begins as Firoozeh moves with her family to the United States in 1972, as a seven-year-old.From the implication her airplane lands, she starts to see differences not only in the geography of the land and the appearance of the people, but the odor of the whole place. She is used to bustling cities in Iran, crowded with enthusiastic workers, shoppers, and people socializing. In contrast, her bare-ass locality in America seemed fairly unexciting sh e describes it as uniformed houses, all the lawns in perfect order, as if everything was constantly being maintained to achieve the ideal look. But little did she k today that this was only the setoff of differences.Entering a new school would open a whole other orbit of biculturalism. As she enters school, she sees everyone all in all different looking from her, and all of them fluent in side. Curious classmates peered slightly her desk, examining her from head to toenail trying to figure out who she is what type of creature she is and where she comes from. To make things even worse, Firoozehs fret decides to seem school with her, to learn proper English. This leads to ultimate humiliation for Firoozeh. Not only is she an immigrant student, but an immigrant student with her mother in elementary school with her.Students constantly ask her where she comes from, as if shes an alien of some sort. She late learns to respond by saying You know, the country where Persian cats come fr om. She hopes to one day learn English properly so she can fit in and communicate with her fellow students. Her first day is completely confusing as she tries to embrace all that is happening around her. On the way home, the bus fagr drops Firoozeh and her mother a few blocks away from their house. Not so familiar with the location, they get further wooly-minded and cant recognize their witness home.To them, the homes all look alike, and cant distinguish their own from the rest. These incidents represent the difficulties that Firoozeh goes through in her first couple of months in America. However, after a couple of months time, she learns more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more about the American culture and believes she is on her way to Americanization. During summer vacation, the family celebrates their first year undefiled in America by voyaging to Disneyland. Being a child, Firoozeh is completely star-struck and amazed by the tiny arena created for the sole purpose of en tertaining people.All her favorite Disney characters that she had only heard the names of in Iran were now walking amongst her in real life Firoozeh wasnt the only one who enjoyed herself. Her father Kauzem described Walt Disney as a genius, a man whose vision allowed everyone, regardless of age, to relive the wonderment of childhood. (p. 17) Their lives in America seemed to be improving, until the Iranian Revolution ten years later. Firoozeh, now a seventeen year old, was again scummy from racism everywhere she went.People were now staring at her again, questioning her and calling her a terrorist, just because of what was happening in her country. The pain of not fitting in was now something she became accustomed to, and she decided to overhaul it by further educating herself. She was thankful to have the opportunity to be educated, and she wanted to take advantage of her chance. Firoozeh played out high school learning French, until she got fluent in it. She was offered an opp ortunity to travel to Paris for two months because of her large skill and fluency at the language.There, she again faces racism, where she is interviewed and labeled as a seventeen-year-old spy. She begins to ignore the racism around her, and advances in her studies. From education, she learns who she really is. The strength is now ingrained in her and she knows who she is a young Iranian woman who has succeeded through many hardships. Nothing can stop her from learning, the main figure that helped her develop her personality. The main passage of arms she faces over and over again throughout the story is intense racism and not being sufficient to fit in with every other American.By end, she realizes that by using education she can get the better of all her struggles. Firoozeh Dumas ends up marrying a Frenchman who she meets in college, and they both live happily together. She realizes that her own encouragement and drive to study has brought her all the way to college, and fin ds her a perfect partner. As she said before, education is what helps a person realize what they are meant to be. In my opinion, the character goes through many hardships and just as things begin to lick up, she again falls into another political conflict because of the Iranian Revolution.With these multiple problems she has to face, she realizes that one key factor can help her survive through it all education. She knew that as long as she kept poring over and taking advantage of the right of education, she will succeed and she did. I think she dealt with her hardships perfectly and came out highly strong at the end. This book is an ideal representation of an immigrant girl coming from Iran. It shows the perfect perspective of what someone like Firoozeh might think, and the problems they will face.It gives an opportunity for the reader to advance their knowledge on a new culture, to see an Iranian immigrants point of view. By adding some humor in the story, it becomes even more e ntertaining and interesting to learn about Firoozehs struggles. This book has given me an increased amount of respect for people who come from a different country. Firoozehs education helped her go extremely far and be successful in life, and I hope the same will happen to me because Im pleased with the right of education that Firoozeh describes.

The Team Leader Assembly Department

This evaluation will centre on the strain of group up up drawing card assembler for the can manufacturing firm. The major components, tasks and responsibilities required for this po getion take on good manual dexterity, the ability to assemble components, the ability to stand for extended periods of time, ability to operate heterogeneous plant equipment including conveyers and counting machines, good manual dexterity, attention to detail, ability to engage in repetitive motions. self-supporting judgment is required to inspect components and visual acuity is necessary to ensure that only the best role products are passed through the assembly occupancy. The aggroup attracter of the assembly unit is also responsible for(p) for organise communication and exploiting relations with every last(predicate) group members. The team make passer is also responsible for ensuring the safety device of all members of the team, for tracking time cards, for ensuring that all team m embers are busy-trained in tune functions and to ensure that productiveness goals are met in a timely fashion.Basic contemplate description admits assembling and performing all steps vital to product production in accordance with specifications for product design. This position can clip a sense of intrinsic motivation by allowing the team attracter a certain take of autonomy while supervising the work functions of some other responsibilities. Team leading are also responsible for scheduling employees, addressing minor disputes among employees and for the spirit of work produced by their team.For many the ability to lead and represent a unit of employees is in an of itself enough to hike up intrinsic motivation, depending on what factors motivate the individual team leader. The team leader position also offers to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) fiscal incentives than other positions, which contributes to motivating the employee in this role. Company spacious re wards offered all employees include a statewide profit sharing plan that allows all employees to enjoy the rewards the picknership reaps when the company is doing well.This type of award however, many not prove as motivating for a team leader, as profit sharing awards generally appeal to higher ups in the company who have more(prenominal) capital to invest and are often afforded more profit sharing opportunities at bottom the company (Greider, Logue & Yates, 2001). way for example, often enjoys many of the benefits associated with profit sharing in the company. Real employee will power may come in other forms including allowing employees to participate in important decision-making functioninges within the scheme (Greider, Logue & Yates, 2001 Schneier & Shaw, 1995).Praise recognition does exist within the company, and is currently part of the execution review musical arrangement. The current performance review constitution is fork overd employees once per annum to inter pret employees a critique of their performance during the yr. The team leader clearly would receive much praise and cost increase for meeting the goals and expectations outlined by his or her supervisor and for ensuring that his or her team succeeds during the year.The performance appraisal frame currently consults the accomplishments and acquirements of the individual team leader, rather than reflect on the accomplishments of the team unit however. This may let some level of motivation for the team leader, but ultimately does not provide as comprehensive a review as might a group performance review that reflects on the achievements of the team. much(prenominal) a review might provide the team leader with more insight into how their actions affect the succeeder and ability of the team, and the teams contributions to the company as a whole.It might also serve to improve communication more among team members. Goals are employ in the company for this position in many ways. The team leader meets with his or her supervisor during the one-year performance review, at which time goals are set for the year. These may include for example, ensuring that all parts and products are assembled in a timely fashion, ensuring that all team members come to work on time and that absenteeism is limited, and ensuring that group communication is amply facilitated within the organization.The team leader also meets with team members once per month to discuss their team goals. This may include ensuring that all products assembled meet stringent quality guidelines or ensuring that zero defects are realized within the scope of products assembled by the team. Generally goals are used in the company as a motivator and as an educational tool, allowing each member of the organization to realize what the companys aims and objectives are for the year, and helping individual employees realize what their place is in relation to the companys goals and objectives.The goal system is relat ively effective for this position, though it may benefit with some targeted changes. The credit line design for the position of team leader will entail a strategic job redesign and assessment that includes contributions from employees. Job redesign can serve as a useful tool for increasing a jobs motivating strength depending on the job categorizations that result from job redesign (Kulik, 1989). For these job categorizations to be truly motivating and encourage great intrinsic employee motivation they must encourage participation and feedback from the employee whose job is being redesigned.Much interrogation including that presented by well-disposed information processing theorists suggests that employees evaluation of their jobs motivating potential is influenced by multiple factors including clues provided by their social environment (Kulik, 1989). This suggests that an environment that supports a job as worthwhile and beneficial is more presumable to encourage employees t o remain motivated an inte equipoiseed. Thus a job redesign should consider factors that lead to social evaluation of the job, such as job title.In this case the designation team leader suggests that the job incumbent has some level of authority, lending itself to a certain amount of respect and authority, and likely serve to increase employees intrinsic motivation. Other motivating factors are based solely on job content. indeed it may be important to evaluate the jobs content and determine whether additional responsibilities would add to motivation or decrease employee motivation.Thus the content and responsibilities of the team leader must also be assessed as part of this redesign. Schippmann (1999) suggests redesign that focuses on the concept of strategic job modeling a job redesign process that focuses more on people on the job(p) in jobs and encourages employers to collect information astir(predicate) the people working in their jobs to help guide efforts to select, build or modify the components of a human resources system to achieve an organizationally relevant outcome (3).This theory suggests that more accurate information to help guide decisions regarding job redesign may be gathered when individuals working within a position are consulted about the job redesign process. Cronshaw (1999) along uniform lings suggests that it is important to consult with employees as much as it is concern to ensure that job redesign occurs in a functional manner and full treatment to enhance employee motivation. integrity important component of job redesign in the manufacturing environment includes providing a performance measurement and rewards system that supports the use of teams (Schneier & Shaw, 1995). The current performance review system adopted by the company still works too diligently to review the individual performance of the team leader rather than address the collaborative efforts of the team. There is much to be said however of measuring the perfor mance of teams (Frohman, 1995).For the position of team leader, the chase recommendations are necessary to help promote intrinsic motivation and boost the productivity of the team leader and his or her underlings(1) the performance review process for team leader must be modified to reflect the contributions not only of the team leader but also of the team (2) the job should include cross training for the team leader with assemblers but also supervisors and managers within the assembly department to promote greater knowledge sharing and understanding of how other job roles influence the assembly line (3) the team leader should be provided an opportunity to participate in a rewards based platform that promotes bonuses for achieving goals established at the annual performance review (4) the team leader should be provided the opportunity to engage team members more to the full and participate more in their performance review processes and (5) the team leaders job should be benchmarke d with other team leader or supervisory positions within other companies to ensure that the job content matches similar job descriptions, titles and pay within other industries.Lets examine each of these components more thoroughly. First, it is vital in a team-oriented situation that the performance review process reflects not only the achievements and accomplishments of the person assessed, but also the rest of the team. This will encourage the team leader to actively engage team members and participate more full in communication efforts, knowledge sharing and strategic planning at the team level. It also encourages the team leader to be more accountable for the actions of the team as a whole.If the team for example, performs poorly during the year despite good attendance and performance on the team leaders part, it is still important that the teams performance is reflected in the performance appraisal process so recommendations for improvement may be made. Second, team leaders sho uld be provided the opportunity to learn more about the inner operations and workings of the company as a whole. The best way to facilitate this process is through cross training, allowing the team leader a birds eye view of what other supervisors and front line employees do in the organization, how their work affects the assembly line, and propel the team leader of the importance of interpersonal communication and knowledge sharing among all levels of the organization. The team leader should also be provided more rewards incentives for work well done.While a profit sharing program is beneficial to higher ups as discussed earlier, it provides little intrinsic motivation many times for front line employees (Frohman, 1995 Greider, Logue & Yates, 2001). A more appropriate rewards or incentives program may focus on providing the team leader with annual performance based bonuses. This can be achieved by establishing a set of goals or expectations that provide opportunities for bonuses w hen the team leader meets or exceeds expectations. Bonuses do not have to come in the way of financial compensation to be effective either (Cronshaw & Fine, 1999). The company may opt for example, to provide bonuses that include special vacation days or paid time off to team leaders for meeting or exceeding their goal expectations.Presently the team leader provides a brief summary or intercourse as part of the review process for team members. The team leader may realize more motivation and have more desire to participate in performance reviews if afforded the opportunity to actually sit in on performance appraisals or reviews with team members. This will allow team members more feedback from their lead and help them realize the authority and status as well as the common interests the team leader has with them. Lastly, it is vital the job content of team leader matches that of other jobs in similar industries. At stripped annually the company should reevaluate the job content so t hat it accurately reflects similar jobs in the industry.On the same token it is important that the company elicit feedback from the incumbent so they can provide more detail regarding the jobs functions and responsibilities, and so that the job can be modified to reflect actual responsibilities more amply (Cronshaw & Fine, 1999). This type of analysis will allow greater participation from the team leader in the redesign process and will therefore serve to increase motivation and enthusiasm for the job (Kulic, 1989 Frohman, 1995 Schippmann, 1999). This helps promote employee ownership in job functions and encourages more intrinsic motivation because the employee recognizes that they are an active participant in the job redesign process. It also helps stimulate interest in the job redesign process and ensures that the company is redesigning the job in a way that meets the employees as well as the companys needs, wants, goals and expectations.

Examining Christian Symbolism in “A White Heron” Essay

Symbolism is a very bad attribute contained within Sarah Orne Jewetts short story, A vacuous Heron. The short story takes its ratifier through the short exploration that the main character, Sylvia, goes through when she is faced with making a decision that may lead to the end of a beautiful birds life. Many critics have analyzed and debated the umteen symbols contained within the story. capital of Seychelles Freivogel, an English teacher from Louisiana, wrote an essay which examines what she considers the symbolism to be in A White Heron. In her essay she goes against other critics who claim the ornithologist, pine manoeuvre, and blanched hoagie be typic of Sylvias burgeoning intimateity (Freivogel 136). In fact she states, they are, in fact, symbols of Christianity (Freivogel 136). Innocence in The White Heron is a radix that I, as a engageer, have recognized each time I have read the story. Reading Freivogels essay and learning about other critics views raft be a littl e unsettling when the reader has only viewed the story as an innocent journey of a materialization girl who decides to protect nature, as well as her own conscious.Freivogel reveals that, Many critics liken the ornithologist to a sexual predator (Freivogel 136). These critics consider him a predator because he is offering her money for compensation if she can lead him to the white heron which is symbolic of a sexual predator convincing Sylvia to hunt for the white heron with him (Freivogel 136). She goes on to say that these critics consider the hunt for birds equal to a hunt for Sylvias sexual being (Freivogel 137). In reality, the hunt is simply for the bird and innocence remains prominent, which is shown when Jewett writes that Sylvia, could not understand wherefore he killed the very birds he seemed to like so much (Jewett 67). A clear symbol in A White Heron is the hunter who symbolizes an enemy the enemy against nature and and the enemy against Sylvia possibly passage again st her better judgment. Freivogel considers the symbol of an enemy to be symbolic of Satan. Other critics also view the enemy as Satan. Freivogel points out that the hunter from first appearances, is charming, sly, and observant of Sylvias weakness (Freivogel 138). These qualities are said to be the alike(p) of Satan in the Garden of Eden, and the hunter is preying on Sylvia, as Satan preyed on Eve.However, he is preying on her weakness in order for him to have the satisfaction of hunting down the white heron, not preying on her in a sexualmanner. Another inept image that some critics maintain is that the pine manoeuvre that Sylvia climbs is sexually symbolic (Freivogel 138). The passage, The tree seemed to lengthen itself out as she went up, and to reach farther and farther upwards (Jewett 69), Richard Benzo wrote that there is a sexual relationship indicated by this passage and that Sylvia I somehow trying to bounce back a fear of sexual relations (qtd. in Freivogel 138). Thi s sexual claim about the pine tree is said to be too obvious, and facile by Freivogel. These critics who maintain that this story has a sexual theme do not see innocence involved in this story at all. The tree is actually a Christian symbol that re brainiacs believers to seek out heavenly treasures, rather than earthly treasures (qtd. in Freivogel 139), and this is what Sylvia does by choosing to not let the hunter know where to find the white heron. Lastly, the white heron is also seen as a symbol of sexuality by other critics.Freivogel writes that another critic, Elizabeth Ammons, argues that the heron is symbolic of Sylvias carcass that she must offer up as prey to the ornithologist in exchange for money, social approval, and gist (qtd. In Freivogel 140). In reality Jewett wrote nothing to indicate that the hunter was trying to prey on Sylvia in a sexual way. However, he was preying on her innocence by tempting her with a money advantage for informing him of the white herons location. Freivogel rebukes these critics viewpoints on the heron being sexually symbolic. She even goes so far to say, the idea of the heron as a sexual symbol seems the near far-fetched (Freivogel 140). Birds are symbolic in the Christian church. They are said to be symbolic of Christ and images of the fadeless struggle of good and evil and of Christs battle against the devil (qtd. in Freivogel 140).Sylvia encompasses all of these end-to-end her journey to find the heron, and into her decision to keep its location a secret. Many critics base their analyses on A White Heron on sexual nuances as the symbolism of the story. Freivogel affirms that it is a story filled with symbols that are common to Christian beliefs (Freivogel 141). Sylvia has overcome the temptations offered to her by the hunter or satan, and reached the top of the pine tree where she realizes the true treasures come from the heavens, and she could not betray that for earthly treasures brought by the money. Ultim ately, Sylvia won the battle of good versus evil. Victoria Freivogels views on symbolism capture the true essence ofthe story, which I believe to be uncontaminated innocence. Christian symbolism throughout the story cements the honesty of nature and even of the young Sylvia.Sylvia is only a nine year old girl. Many of her views will be highly influenced by others, but she has the purest mind and heart, and she listened to the voices of nature, as well as her inner conscience when deciding that she could not tell the whereabouts of the white heron. I find the sexual symbolism believed by other critics to be senseless. Those impure views take away the purity of the theme, and it completely changes the meaning of the story. I will always read The White Heron as a story of a young girl who shows remarkable fearlessness in her journey to find the heron and in her journey she discovers how precious all life truly is. .Works CitedFreivogel, Victoria. Christian Symbolism In Sarah Orne Jew etts A White Heron. Eureka Studies In Teaching Short Fiction 7.2 (2007) 136-142. MLA transnational Bibliography. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Jewett, Sarah Orne. A White Heron. Literature A Pocket Anthology. Ed. R.S. Gwynn. 5th ed. Boston Pearson Education, 2012. 62-71. Print.